'f'^'^v^-^ ,■' i^/ ^mi I ^ V, > i 1 r. ji K \ b 1%^ ■•*" »• >- xS. / iy./^'/'j GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA CVl^ THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. ^miiMiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiitiiiimiiiNiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN = ^.'iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN := BURNETT BROTHERS BURNETT'S SPECIAL LAWN GRASS MIXTURE The above mixture is made from our own formula, and composed of grasses specially adapted for the pur- pose of producing turf which retains its rich green color and velvety appearance throughout the entire Summer and Fall. In making up this high grade mixture we are careful to use only the very finest quality of all the most desirable dwarf evergreen, rccicnncd .grasses, free from chaff and weeds, which tlirive well on any soil, thus ensuring a beautiful and permanent lawn. Price: pk., $1.75; bushel (20 lbs.), $6.00. WE MAKE A SPECIALTY OF GRASS SEED MIXTURES FOR ALL SITUATIONS MISCELLANEOUS LAWN SUPPLIES COLDWELL'S "DEMOUNT- ABLE" CUTTER UNIT HORSE LAWN MOWER COLDWELL'S HIGH WHEEL IMPERIAL LAWN MOWER GEAR ROLLER MOWER TOWNSEND'S VICTORY BALL-BEARING LAWN MOWER COLDWELL'S MOTOR MOWER LAWN APOLLO LAWN SWEEPER BURNETT'S LAWN DRESSING HORSE BOOTS COLDWELL'S LAWN TRIMMER THE CAPITOL LAWN TRIMMER and EDGER BURNETT BROS.' "HUDSON-FULTON" BRAND GARDEN HOSE BURNETT BROS.' NONKINKABLE HOSE "REVERO" THE MODERN GREENHOUSE HOSE LAWN SPRINKLERS LAWN RAKES BORDER SHEARS EDGING KNIVES, ETC. We carry a full supply of Lawn Requisites. Write for our Midsummer List of Pot Grov\rn Strawberry Plants and Perennial Flo'w^er Seeds, Etc. BURNETT BROS., Seedsmen, 98 Chambers St.,NewYork Telephone BARCLAY 6138 1^ 1^ 1^ 1^ A Range of Greenhouses on Top of a New York Store 200 Feet Above the Street F.\U abuve tlic Inirly burly of noisy, biii^tling New Vurk, Mr. C. C. 'I'replf bas a range of greenhouses on top of IJltiomingdale Hros.' store at Fifty-ninth Street. Kighteen years ago we built the first houses and have cun- t in vied adding to them. Two, we just completed, 26 feet and 52 feet long. We corsider tliis a pretty gooil recommendation for our cun- strnctior.- -eighteen years of hard usage. There is probably not another greenhouse in the country that has had the number o£ people visit it. Today, outside of minor repairs, the original houses are as good as the day they were built. Here the Hewers are grown that are sold in the Hower shop on the ground floor. This flower garden on the roof gives people a chance to see how flowers and plants are grown. It also gives a jirospective purchaser of a greenhouse a chance to see a greenhouse built in its entirety. It shows you the superstructure, plant benches, and heating apparatus. We tell you all this just to show you the variety of greenhouse building problems we are continually solving successfully. Resides running this shop and range of houses, Mr. Treple also runs the flower store at Gimbel T'ros., 33rd St. and 6th .\ve., -Vew York, and has recently opened a new one at 89th St. and i'roadway. We hojte that when you are ready to build, you will think of US as the builders. When you are ready to "talk it over, — K over yuur benches now and see if you have figured right on the quan- tity you need. The chances are you will need some to fill out with. That being the case, send along your order. You know, there isn't a bit of doubt alKuit Satisfaction Plants from Cromwell Gardens, giving satisfaction. Another thing — we don't substitute with- out first getting your permission. In looking over our thousands and thou- sands of plants this morning, it strikes me we never had so choice a lot in the better really worth while tested kinds. And while you are ordering, let us know how many Poinsettias you will want and we will ship them to you in paper pots, later on when the plants are good and husky. I'rom 2'i-inch pots, $1.50 a doz. ; $10 per 100. ANPlEI^ON INC Cromwell Cm^ens O^MWELL Conn DREER^S WATER LILIES Hardy and Tropical Largest collection in America, embracing many wonderful hybrids especially suited for growing in fountains, pools and ponds. DREER'S GARDEN BOOK FOR 1914 cuntains the largest Hst of Aquatic plants ofTered, also beauti- ful iUustrations of many varieties and cultural notes written by experts. Sent free if you mention this publication. We also offer the advice of our expert coTicerning plans for ponds and selection of varieties. HENRY A. 714-16 Chestnut St«, DREER Philadelphia g tiiiinniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiNiniiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiin ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii.'^ THE NEXT STORM MAY DO THIS TO ■\7-/-vf Ti> CIXICCT "TDITCCl Your trees may appear strong and IV-^LJlX. rll>IIl.C>l 1 rvILiIlii:^ healthy— and yet be so unsound that the next storm will snap them off like the one shown here. If your trees need no attention you want to know it. If they do, you ought to know it. If you want real Tree Sur- gery, it must l)e Davey Tree Surgery. Expert ex- _ _ _____ aminations without charge. Representatives with ^^y^^" " .^^BBj^V credentials a\ailal)le ever\ where. Write today for ^M jlBp^.,-£''i beautiful free Ixiok and letters from estate owners to ^H _ ^^^-f^^f^^ whom our examinations liave been a revelation. ^H^ r/i \\ rite t'ldaw JOHN DAVEY [Father of Tree Sorgcryl THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO. Inc. 443 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio Blanches with tiMi'ph"Tii- i.iiim-liiiiis: New VorU, IMiihiJ.-Iplila, CUicii;:n, .MnntrL'iil. Suu t'runelsuo. OOPVOICHT i«ia THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. m^t (Eont^nta— May, 1914 A Useful Collection of Spray Orchids B\3 Wm. Turner 1 How to Produce Perfect Lawns ... 8 Practice with Science Sjj W m. H. IVaite 1 Conserving the Woodlands . . . .11 The Essential Parts of a Flower . . .11 Fine Specimen of Cattleya Mossiae B]} Wm. H. Duckham 12 May . . . .ByD. S. Miller 12 Don't! Don't! Don't! . . . .12 An Indispensable Farm Commodity By Karl Langbeck 1 2 The Modernist Garden . . . 13 Cultural Notes on the Tomato By Ja es S. Bache 1 4 Means of Utilizing Birds in Horticulture . .15 Editorial . . . . . . .16 The Glory of the Garden By Rudyard Kipling 1 6 The Important Man . . . . .16 National Association Notes . . . .17 The Service Bureau . . . . .17 Spring Flower Show for New York in 1 9 1 5 Among the Gardeners .... A Record Unique — The Lenox Horticultural Society ..... A Horticultural Investigation An Interesting Exhibit Schedule, American Sweet Pea Society Show Schedule, June Show, Newport, R. I. New Appointments at Cornell University The Beautiful Columbines Pruning for Fruit . By V. R. Gardner Queries and Answers .... National Associations .... Local Societies ..... Gardener's Diary .... Westchester & Fairfield Horticultural Society New Bedford Horticultural Society New Jersey Floricultural Society Connecticut Horticultural Society . The Horticultural Society of New York . The American Paeony Society 17 17 18 19 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 Gladiolus Liliums Montbretias GLADIOLUS TO PLANT NOW AMERICA—.! spUnilkl lislit pink. 35c. per do2. ; $2.50 per 100. ATIRACTIOJI— Crimson Hliit.- tliKNit. 75c. per doz. ; $5.00 per 100. BAHON HULOT— A gcuil Ijluc. phinfiil nr ^ta^■.-ll with Sulphur Kiii^'. the euhir hiirnuny is very elTi-elivc. $1.50 per doz.; $10.00 per 100. BLANCHE— One of the best l.in.-f Hii«-( n-il white viirir-ties with f^iint nKiil;>.. $3.00 per doz.; $80.00 per 100. CONTRAST— Scarlet white Ihr.iLit: w.ll iiiiiue.l. $5.00 per doz.; $35.00 per 100. DAWN (GROFFS)- i]i Ihc tlii.iat: $50.00 per 100. A poach blossom pini; with cr, IMC of the iiest now. r vai-ietie imy vi'llow blot.'h $6.00 per doz.; I. S. HENDBICKSON— I.ar^e flowci.-rt pink ami wliito $1.60 per doz.; $10.00 per 100. A brilliant flamingo pink blazed with ver kVi-rs. bcn-ue on long spikes. 50c. per doz. MRS. FRANCIS KING- niiliipD roil, largo lb $4.00 per 100. MRS. FRANK PENDLETON. JR.— Oi.c of the m.ist exQuisitolT colored and formc'l sboli 'l"^. cbli. afo Hush salmon pink, three lower petals blotihe.l ri. Ii uiat.i.in. $4.50 per doz.; $35.00 per 100. PEACE— .\ wliite variety wilh plcasinc $2.00 per doz.; $16.00 per 100. SULPHUR KING— (Hi. $16.00 per 100. WAR— n..ncrs of siganlic pr.i|i.irti..ns; ri.h S..T1 black. $12.00 per doz. lilac feathering; large size, of fh.' b.st pale yellows. $2.00 per doz.; IN l.looil roil, sha.b'd crim- LILIUMS (Hardy) SPECIOSUM MAGNIFICUM— This Speciosflm Lily is an improvomont .10 tile vari.-tics liubrnin. Rf.senm. or Melpomene. A few bulbs plant. .1 in .\..ur ^ar.b-n this Sprini; will give you a splendid Summer display. 8 to 9 inch bulhs, $1.00 per doz.; $8.00 per 100; 9 to 11 inch bulbs. $2.26 per doz.; $16.00 per 100; 11 to 13 inch bulbs, $3.60 per doz.; $26.00 per 100. SPECIOSUM ALBUM— .\ whif.- c..nntcr|iart to the beautiful Spe.-iosnm ,Ma;;iiifi.uin. and m.iy bo iise.l in a slfTiilar manner. 8 to 9 inch bulbs, $2.25 per doz.; $15.00 per 100; 9 to 11 inch bulbs, $3.60 per doz. ; $25.00 per 100. AURATUM— The Gulden Ray.d I.ily .if Jaf.an. Flowers pure white, thickly studded with crims..n spots, while through the centre of each petal runs a g.ilden ban.l. .May be iise.l in similar manner t.i fh.' two preceding IMinms. 8 to 9 inch bulbs. $1.00 per doz.; $8.00 per 100; 9 to 11 inch bulbs, $2.25 per doz.; $16.00 per 100; 11 to 13 inch bulbs, $3.50 per doz.; $25.00 per 100. MONTBRETIAS gJ^^#^^^^ FIRE KING— .\ spl.ndid scarlet n.l. ..i'u]iar.s favorably with the M.w.r anil in-.r.' e-\I)ensi^■t sorts. $2.50 per 100. GEORGE DAVIDSON — A pale orance yellow, very free flowering; among th. first to tlosvev. $3.50 per ICO. GERMANIA— A rich glowing orange scarl.t. with a red throat. $3.50 per 100. GOLDEN WEST— One of the best ri.h pure golden yellows, without 1. ..St siiot or shade. $22.50 per 100. MARTAGON— Flowers reflesed. similar to the Martagon lily. $3.50 per 100. PROMETHEUS— A vi'ry large floweie.l sort, color deep orange with a " ring around the edge. $00.00 per 100. 30-32 BARCLAY ST. NEW YORK CITY GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS Vol. XVII ]. MAY, 1914. A Useful Collection of Spray Orchids By Wm. Turner. Is there any flowering plant more graceful or effective than a collection of spray orchids? Indeed, it is the spray orchid that gives the finished appearance to any orchid group, particularly when the short stemmed kinds are used liberally as companions to the tall, stately sprays. When we realize the rich effect that can be produced with a collection of those gems, it is no small wonder they have jumped to the foremost rank in recent years both as a choice cut flower, and for decorative effects. None can deny as to their keeping qualities, for they have no equal and as for their colors, combina- tions and gracefulness, they are peerless. True, many of the varieties are apt to wear out sooner than the cattleyas, and no wonder, when we stop to consider the strain many of those plants must be under in producing those terrific spikes. I dare say there are manv that have looked upon those little plants with wonderment, seeing them produce spikes three and four feet in length. Still, with good treatment and a good season of rest, they may be kept in a healthy, vigorous condition for .several \ears. I presume one of the best known species is ( )ncidium \'aricosuni, and its variety Rogersii. In fact, it is Rogersii that has given this Oncidium priority over many of the others as the individual flowers are nnich larger and of more substance. In their season of growth they will thrive admirably in the cool end of the Cattleya house ami if hung somewhere near the glass. They seem to ajipreciate such treatment. Nor will they thrive if placed in too large receptacles. Dendroliiuni Phalaenopsis Schroderiana makes an admirable conipanion to \'aricosum, coming in as they do around the same time, although T do not think it wise to handle this variety unless more heat can be given than just merely Cattleya house temperature. While one may see them growing in such a temperature they must be grown in a warmer, closer atmosphere to produce strong, vigorous growths. L'nquestionablv 1). I 'halaenopsis when well grown is one of our very best anrays or plant decoration ; and what a combination of colors there are: one may look over a l)atch and hardly find two alike. This orchid, like many others, keep in as small a receptacle as possible, which is the key-note to success to a certain extent. Neither do they care to have their roots tampered with more than is absolutely neces- sarv. But whoever has a house adapted for grovvini^ this species which should be at least .^ or more degree^ over a Cattleya bouse temperature will have one of the most useful spray orchids that 1 am acquainted with. .\nother .Mexican fall or early winter llowering variety is worthv of note for its free flowering (pialities and massive s])ikes. Although better results may be had by growing this species in ;i trifle low er temperature and par- ticularly so during their resting period, (). Tigrinum, which is well known among all lovers of the orchid family and may he relied on to make an imposing dis- play during their season of flowering, I dare say 1 am not over-stei)i)ing the mark when I say One. splendidum stands out [ire-eminently as one of the very best for mid- winter display, their stately spikes and massive, bold flowers are apt to cause admiration during the winter months. This Cjuatemalean variety will respond readily to more heat than many of the Oncidium family, at the same time with care and good judgment can be grown \'ery successfully in a Cattleya house temperature pro- viding they do not receive too much water at their roots. 11\ the wav. is their another orchid that will resent over- ONtlUIUM V.VRICOSrM KOf.KKSIl 8 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. watering more so than splendidum? Why. it is not an uncommon occurrence for a batch of this King of Oncidium to go at times for weeks without any water appHed to the roots, in fact they seem to revel with such treatment providing the atmospheric moisture is agree- able to them. Therefore it is not necessary to hear the complaint which at times is the case in regard to the }oung growths rotting oflf. Even though grown with the Cattleyas, when such does occur, a safe remedy to eradicate the trouble is considerably less water at the roots. It is surprising the amount of flower spikes a healthy batch of this variety will produce. Like all other valuable plants, usually they have their enemies in the way of insect pests, slugs are extremely partial to the young succulent spikes just as they are forming at the base of the new bulb, therefore it is well to keep a sharp lookout for these enemies for some time, before they commence to produce their flower spikes, otherwise serious damage will be done. With a poor crop of flowers, no matter how little damage seemingly has been done, we find when a slug has once started into the young spike it, at its best, will be a cripple and of little or no value. I dare say, every orchid grower has his favorite methods in trap]3ing them, with lettuce leaves laid on the pots, carrots cut in halves, or potatoes laid on the pots, cutting a hollow into them and turning the hollow towards the peat. They often may be caught. It seems almost increditable at times that those tiny slugs, not much larger than the head of a pin, are destructive beyond comprehension, and are the cause of worry and an- noyance, and particularly so with O. splendidum, or, for that matter, the whole of the (Jncidium family, may be included. V\ hat an interesting species that old O. ])apilio is. as the name implies, butterfly, which is truly a good imita- tion of nature. However, this variety may be classed more as a curiosity than anything else. Still, I venture to say, Papilio has aroused the curiosity of many flower lovers. To grow this species successfully a warm house is necessary. I have often wondered why we do not see more of that noble variety, O. Alarshallianum. True, it's a bit straggly in growth, also a spring flower, but wherever a batch is to be seen, it is apt to cause admiration. Still, there is such a variation with the different varieties of Oncidiums being collected in different sections and dif- ferent altitudes, we find some species thrive best with more heat, others with less. Marshallianum, for instance, will resent too nuich in quick order, and can be handled better with a few degrees less than are applied to Cattle\as. Vanda Caerulea, when any one comes down to a deli- cate blue orchid such as Caerulea, they are mighty scarce. For autumn cut flowers or for decoration, the graceful sprays of Caerulea will have a telling effect wherever placed ; in fact, one may say, this variety stands alone for its delicate blue shadings. While they all are blue, it is wonderful the dift'erent delicate shades that may be found among a batch, not uncommon to hardly find two plants just alike. Caerulea will also thrive better in a cooler temperature than most of the Vandas. There are so many spray orchids that come to mind that are worthy of mention, yes, far more than can be mentioned in a short article. But. perhaps, the man that can grow tiie Phalaenojisis family to perfection has got one of the choicest spray orchids there is to be had, but why is it, as a rule, when anything is extremely beautiful there is usually something tricky about them? I am satis- tied, that to grow Phalaenopsis successfully, depends largely on the house as well as the general care and good treatment thev receive from the grower. Certain it is, there can be no success in a house unless abundance of moisture can be maintained. We have noticed at times in years gone by, even liefore the up-to-date houses were thought of, Phalaenopsis could be found flourishing with leaves and flower spikes of great substance, and we have also known to change them from that particular house to another would mean partial ruin. Be it as it may, it has been an undisputed fact, these species may flourish in a certain house and lose their vigor in another, even though, the same man was in charge. Such varieties as P. .Amabilis, Schilleriana and Rime- stadiana are, I dare say, three of the best for general pur- poses and for their large, massive sprays. With the host of material in the way of s]jray orchids and their value for decorative effect I have often wondered why they were not more largely grown. How to Produce Perfect Lawns Oft times it is a dil^cult matter to secure a good stand of grass over the lawn or it may be almost impos- sible to maintain the velvety bluegrass, June grass or Bermuda during a period of severe drought. In fact, the problems of the efficient lawn which will prosper for five months in the year are worthy of considerable study on the part of the suburbanite who perhaps oft'- handedly will maintain that soil, seed and water are the only requisites of an attractive and thrifty grass plot, writes George H. Dacy in The Field. As a matter of fact, there is just as much science involved in the culture of a seemly greensward as there is in the pro- duction of our most valuable economic crops and plants. The lawn must be favored with plenty of available plant food for the proper nourishment of the grass ; it must have access to plenty of sunlight ; it must be sup- plied with sufficient moisture: it must be maintained free of weeds: the grass clijipings must be left on the lawn to decay and enrich the soil, and the correct amount and suitable \ariety of grass seeri'^l'^.^ .\N IDEAL LOCATION FOR .\ CITY G.\RDEN SPOT— /F TIIK "IRKIG.MOR" PROVES TRUSTWORTHY. 14 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. implement, but by one whose couleur rose is that of the blossom. Leaning on the dark blue handle of one of these, you may gaze at the cluster of dark blue larkspur at your feet wliile you listen to the song of the lark in the dark blue heavens. And speaking of larks — leaving for tlie moment the subject of spades — birds are to be very popular in the gardens this season. One gleans this information from a garden e.xhibit. They are not real birds, of course : the real bird is too obvious a visitor and too closely associated with utilitarian needs, such as picking off bugs from the rose bushes. The birds selected for the garden will be as artificial as the other innovations. The shops are now displaying foreign looking bird cages made of wicker, such as one sees on the little trees that intensive farming- makes possible in some tiny l-'rench garden. These are painted in some vivid hue, or gilded gayly, are bell-shaped aild hold a parti-colored paroquet whose magnificent plumage makes just the right bit of color in a dreary spot of the garden or an orange and black creature with a tail that resembles one of the fashionable aigrettes and seems to gaze longingly through the wicker bars of its swaying cage, with a pathetic expression to its glass eye and a soulful droop to its taxidermatized wing. The brilliant little humming bird that you see evidently alighting for the moment on the stalk of some old- fashioned stock is in realitv a garden stick, its end stuck in the earth, its head representing some feathered song- ster ; a seeming dragon fly never flies away, and a yellow oriole, the shyest of all migratory birds, remains all day firmly planted to a selected spot, and if you put out a hand to stroke its plumage he will not even chirp. Little footstools are provided for you to sit at your task of weeding wild carrots or other pests of the farmer which sometimes stray from the kitchen garden among the flower beds. The legs are painted to match the flow- ers, as are the spade handles, and one can have pink, blue, heliotrope, emerald or scarlet. A ribbon handle with bow adds to the general eiifect immensely, and swinging from the sleeve of the flowered chintz who could cavil at the picture afforded. — Sitn. CULTURAL NOTES ON THE TOMATO. By J.AMES S. B.JiCHE. Tomatoes are one of our most important crops, not only with the truck farmer but with every one who main- tains a garden from the cottager to the large private establishment which grow for their own use. It is tomatoes everywhere. What we all want to know is. which are the best varieties to grow and how to grow them. Some 20 years ago the tomato was not much heard of. Those who talked of them mostly were of the opinion that they were a breeder of cancers and unfit even for hogs. But today all this is changed ; the best physicians will tell you to eat tomatoes and when you think of the many ways the tomato is used, baked, boiled, fried, stewed, canned, preserved, in so many ways it is no use trying to tell of their usages. I will leave all that to the cook and proceed to explain how to grow the tomato. The culture of the tomato is so easy that it is often neglected. It is often the case that they are planted and left to take care of themselves, which is a great mistake. We can never get something for nothing : to grow good tomatoes the grower must give them some attention. Here is how I grow tomatoes. I sow the seed at the end of March or the second week in April in a box or pan and as soon as they show the rough leaf I pick them oft' in as small a pot as I can get, for this reason, to keep them stocky and short jointed, for if you give them lots of root room and loose soil you will get rank growth which means no fruit. When six inches high they should be fit to plant out in the garden or field where the ground has been prepared for them. I find the best and quickest way to prepare the groimd is to dig pits 15 inches deep at the distance of three feet apart in the rows and si.x feet from row to row. In these pits I put a fork of good rotten manure and a 2-inch put of fine bone meal well worked up to the depth of 18 inches. Fill in some soil to leave the ground in a hollow to take water if required. To each plant I put a strong stake 6 feet high to which I lie my plant after I have given it the first pinch to make it give me two shoots. After it begins to grow I keep all side shoots rubbed ofl', not cut. Don"t leave it as long as to require the knife. As you see the shoots breaking rub them out ; this will save the plant from spending its strength on useless growth. When you have two or three good clusters of fruit formed it is time to feed them with some stimulant of some sort which should consist of liquid manure in the way of cow or sheep dropping well soaked in water. One pail of manure to 50 gallons of water make a good stimulant. When watering give a good drenching and at all times keep the soil well hoed about the plants to keep the weeds down and surface loose to let warmth down to the roots. Remember they are a plant that like a light, dry atmosphere to set their !^p:imim^ .'%V. m:-/- B.xciiE's .\nuxn.\x"CE. blossoms and if they get crowded and shaded you will not get good results. The varieties to grow I would prefer to leave to the grower as every one has not the same taste as to flavor, color or shape, in which there is a great difference in the different varieties grown. I may say I have grown most of the best varieties in America as well as those from the other side, and by crossing I have succeeded in getting a tomato which is worthy of a trial. . It has been awarded a first-class certificate of merit at Boston and it has been honored with specials and commended wherever it has been shown. It is named Bache's .-Kbimdance. You will notice in the accompanying ]5hoto that the fruit is without de- pression at the stem end. .\ fruit that is round and with- out ridges : a fruit that is well formed and compact : a fruit of medium size growing in large clusters. When the fruit is matured its bunches touch the soil. This I consider a good tomato. .Some future time I will endeavor to give some notes on the culture of the tomato under glass, and on its diseases and insect enemies, and what are the best remedies to use to keep diseases and insects in check. The Means of Utilizing Birds in Horticulture AFany ]jeoi)Ie have absorbed tlic itlea that liirds were created to protect the crops from insect pests, but the relations of birds, insects and other forms of animal life are not quite so simple as this belief would indicate. No man, according to an address made by Edw. H. Forbush before the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, yet is wise enough to understand fully the marvellous relations and interdependences existing between the various forms of animal and vegetable life, but we know that there exist between vegetation, insects and birds what may be termed, for want of a lietter word, primeval economic relations, a sort of dependence one upon another ; the existence of each one depending upon the existence of the others. Birds perform the function of an aerial police force, because they are the best fitted of all the forms of animal life to concentrate quickly on any unusual irruption of insects or other lesser animals. Such an influence, work- ing thus upon destructive or potentially destructive pests must of necessity have a beneficient relation to agricul- tural industries. Birds have a marvellous capacity for destroying pests. They are wonderfully active and tre- mendously energetic and the resultant great and constant wasting of the tissues calls for exceedingly rapid renewal. Constant fuel is required to keep the vital fires lirightly burning. Hence, birds require an enormous c|uantity of food. The late Chester A. Reed, author of "Bird Guide," regarded one hundred insects as the average number eaten by each individual insectivorous bird daily. He estimated by an ingenious calculation that two billion five hundred and sixty million (2,560,000,000) insects or twenty-one thousand (21,000) bushels are eaten daily by the birds of Massachusetts. I believe it was Professor Lawrence Bruner who estimated that the birds of Ne- braska, a much larger State, ate one hundred and seventy carloads in a day. When we consider that a very large proportion of the insects are injurious, or would become injurious, to crops or trees if not held in check, we can see the advantage of increasing and fostering bird life. ^^'e may even reduce some of these benefits to the com- mon standard of. dollars and cents. I hold in my hand a document, containing a message of the President to Congress, transmitting a report of the biological survey of the Department of Agriculture, in which it is stated that a single species of hawk saves the farmers $175,000 yearly l)y destroying grasshoj)pers and field mice ; and that the native sparrows of the United States save to the agriculturists $35,000,000 yearly by destroying weed seeds. Professor F. E. L. Ileal of the Department of Agriculture has made a careful study which seems to show that each pair of meadow larks is worth at least $4 a year to the farmer, because of the grass they save by the destruction of insect pests. A friend in Bristol County, having carefully studied the work of the bob-white or quail is satisfied that each pair on his farm is worth $5 a year to him, because of the potato beetles and other insects the\- destroy. I'.irds are of greater potential value in the field and forest than in orchard or garden. Insecticides and other means may be used to control certain pests, but we can- not spray with poisonous showers the grass which horses and cattle eat, nor can we spray all the trees in all the woods. We are absolutely dependent on the birds and other natural enemies of insects to i)rotect the trees and the grass crops of the country from insect pest.s. Wher- ever birds e.xist in normal number, they perform this office well except where some foreign pest has been intro- duced which they are not accustomed to. Something, however, may be done to utilize Iiirds in horticulture and fruit growing, for there are many in- jurious insects that cannot be reached by ar.senical spray- ing. Some which are readily destroyed by birds cannot be controlled by any practicable mechanical means now known. Birds, if attracted to an orchard in numbers, are very destructive to the principal leaf-eating insects, such as the tent caterpillar and the canker worms, the codling moth and, in less degree, to tlie gypsy and the brown-tail moth which our birds do not yet fully understand, al- though about fifty species are known to feed on one or both. Such insects can be controlled by spraying, but there are many insects which feed under the bark or in the wood, destroying the tree, which cannot be reached by spraying, for e.xample, the introduced leopard moth. Fruit growers know how dangerous a pest it is, but there is little fear that there will be any great loss from this insect in the country at large, provided we are able to foster and increase the stock of native insectivorous birds. Nuthatches save the orcbardist thousands of dollars in one season. The principal means of utilizing birds in horticulture are to attract them to the spots where they are needed and to protect them there and, if possible, increase their numbers. Owls are among the most beneficial of all birds because they destroy mice and nocturnal' insects, particu- larly field mice, which are very destrucive to trees and crops. All European writers who have obsei-vcd the habits of the owls agree that they are wonderfully useful in this respect. Our larger species, such as the great horned owl and the barred owl sometimes molest poultry and game, but the smaller species almost never pursue fowls or pigeons except when driven by stress of weather and starvation. The screech owl may often l)e induced to make its home on a farm by putting up a nesting box for its accommodations. A box twelve inches square and fifteen inches high with an entrance near the top four inches by five would be ample for a family of screech owls, and such a box as this was chosen by a pair of screech owls near my orchard. In this they reared their young and while there destro\ed all the mice about the place. In conserving small birds, it is well, so far as [lossible, to secure the services of their natural protectors. King- birds, while quarrelsome, act as protectors to other small' birds by driving away crows and hawks. Kingbirds may often be induced to nest in the orchard by hanging on branches or fences a plentiful supply of cotton string cut in lengths of one foot. This sometimes will induce orioles to nest. Martins also drive away hawks. Some few experiments have been made with birds iir greenhouses by introducing them there as protectors of the plants. In one such case, some juncos and tree spar- rows, shut in a greenhouse in the fall and kept there dur- ing the winter, absolutely destroyed a pest of plant lice. Hummingbirds are serviceable among flowering plants, not only because, like the bees, they distribute pollen, but also for the rea.son that they feed on many of the minute insects of the plants and flowers, some of which may be too small to escape the notice of other birds, rimnmers may be reariiiy attracted by planting bee balm, honey- suckle, or almost any deep, bell-sliaped flower. 16 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor. Published by CHRONICLE PRESS M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y. Office of Publication 1 MontKomery Street, Jersey City, N. J. New York Office 236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY. Single Copies, 10 Cent Sjbscription Price. 12 Months, $1.00 :: Foreign. $1.50 Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Published on the 15th of each month. Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication. For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Advertising Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J. ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS President, Vice-President, Treasurer, WM. H. WAITE, J. W. EVERETT, JAMES STUART. Yonkers, N. Y. Glen Cove, X. Y. Maraaroneck. N. Y. Secretary. MARTIN C. EBEL. Madison, N. J, TRUSTEES FOR 1914. Peter Duff, Orange, N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogonu, Pa.; William Duckham, Madison, N. J. ; Alexander MacKenzie, Highland Falls, N. Y. ; John H. Dodds, Wyncote, Pa. DIRECTORS. To serve until 1915 — John Shore. Harrison, N. Y. ; Thomas Proctor, Lenox, Mass. ; William N. Craig, Brookline, Mass. ; Frank E. Witney, Fishkiii, N. Y. ; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn. ; F. Kirk, Bar Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y. To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss, Hartford, Conn.; Jas. MacMachan. Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal Beach, N. J. ; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa. ; Alexander McPherson, Washington, D. C. : James C. Shield, Monticello, 111. To serve until 1917— A. J. Smith, Lake Geneva, Wis.; Theodore Wirth, Minneapolis, Minn.; Wm. Hetrick. San Gabriel, Cal.; Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert P.ottomley, New Canaan, Conn.; Alex. Fraser, Newport, R. I. ; Arthur Smith, Reading, Pa. Vol. X\'III. ALW. 1914. Nu. 1. The Chronicle is not given to sounding the praises in its columns which others may bestow on it, as it always has felt that space this would occupy can be utilized for more interesting matter to our readers. Let it be 'understood, however, that our readers are no less appreciative than those of our contemporaries" columns in lauding us as "You are the best ever," "You can't be beat," "I cannot do without you." Of course, we like to receive such expressions of com- mendation and herewith acknowledge them collec- tively ; but, kind reader, if you do not see your compli- mentary manifestation in print, do not believe us to be any the less appreciative for it. We can say with all candor, that the many congratulatory messages which come to us are as straws indicating that the Chroxicle is making a gradual and steady growth as an influencing factor in the horticultural world. Can vou not observe it? Mr. Gardener, it is not too soon to plan for the 1915 spring show to be held in New York. The private grower was much favored in the last two spring events in New York, and a glance at the make-up of next year's Flower Show Committee printed else- where in these columns should make it self evident that the gardener's interest will again be safeguarded. He is not asked to underwrite the guarantee fund, to contribute to the expenses of the show or to assume any obligations, except to prepare in ample time to lift the generous prizes which are again to be offered. This obligation he should faithfully assume. THE GLORY OF THE GARDEN. Our England is a garden that is full of stately views, Of borders, beds and shrubberies and lawns and avenues, With statues on the terraces and peacocks strutting by ; But the Glory of the Garden lies in more than meets the eye. For where the old thick laurels grow, along the thin red wall. You'll find the tool- and potting-sheds which are the heart of all The cold-frames and the hot-houses, the dung-pits and the tanks, The rollers, carts and drain-pipes, with the barrows and the planks. .\nd there you'll see the gardeners, the men and 'prentice boys Told off to do as they are bid and do it without noise ; For, except when seeds are planted and we shout to scare the birds, The Glory of the Garden it abideth not in words. And some can pot begonias and some can bud a rose. And some are hardly fit to trust with anything that grows ; But they can roll and trim the lawns and sift the sand and loam, For the Glory of the Garden occupieth all who come. Our England is a garden, and such gardens are not made By singing: — "Oh. how beautiful," and sitting in the shade, \Miile better men than we go out and start their working lives At grubbing weeds from gravel-paths with broken dinner- knives. There's not a jjair of legs so thin, there's not a head so thick, There's not a hand so weak and white, nor yet a heart so sick. But it can find some needful job that's crying to be done, For the Glory of the Garden glorifieth every one. Then seek your job with thankfulness and work till further orders, If it's only netting strawberries or killing slugs on borders ; And when your back stops aching and vour hands begin to harden. You will find yourself a partner in the Glory of the Garden. Oh, Adam was a gardener, and God who made him sees That half a proper gardener's work is done upon his knees. So when your work is finished, you can wash your hands and pray For the Glory of the Garden that it may not pass away ! And the Glory of the Garden it shall never pass away ! RUDYARD KiPLI.N'G. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 17 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION NOTES M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J. THE CO-OPERATIVE MOVEMENT. A number of tlie local societies have appointed their co-operative committees in response to the communica- tion sent out by the National Association last month, reciuesting that such action be taken by the organization desiring to co-operate with it. Those societies which have not yet taken action but which intend doing so, and those which have already done so but have not yet reported to the secretary of the association, will confer a favor on the National Committee by acting at their earliest con- venience, and by sending tlie names of those elected from the committee to ]\I. C. Ebel, secretary, National Asso- ciation of Gardeners, Madison, N. J. THE BY-LAWS IN PAMPHLET FORM. The revised By-Laws of the association have been pub- lished in pamphlet form and are ready for distribution to all memljers who may desire a copy. A card to the secre- tary's office asking that a copy be sent will receive atten- tion and a copy of the By-Laws will be forwarded. THE SERVICE BUREAU. The association's service bureau has recently had many inquiries for first class assistants, but has found difficulty in filling the positions, in fact several of them are still unfilled at this writing, due, it seems, to a scarcity of capable men willing to act in assistants capacities. On the other hand there are many young men about, all seeking liead gardeners" positions, of which there are a decided scarcity just at this time. The young men, if efficient to fill the position of head gardener or superintendent are to be commended for their ambition to improve themselves, but remember the old adage : "A bird in hand is worth two in the bush" ; and, so, the young man may frequently be far better off holding down a good assistant's position and awaiting his opportunity for betterment, than to give up a good i)osition to go out to seek his opportunity with nothing definite in view. SPRING FLOWER SHOW FOR NEW YORK IN 1915. All arrangements have been completed for another spring show in New York, the date agreed on being March 17 to 23, 1915. Organization was completed early this month, the 1915 Flower Show Committee being con- stituted as follows : Frank R. Pierson, chairman ; T. A. Havemeyer, vice-chairman ; John Young, secretary ; Fred. R. Newbold, treasurer; Chas. H. Totty, Wm. H. Duck- ham, James Stuart, Wallace R. Pierson, Jos. A. Manda, M. C. Ebel, Julius Roehrs, F. L. Atkins, Frank H. Traend- ley, Geo. V. Nash, Prof. N. L. Britton, Wm. H. Siebrecht. The committee has already held several meetings to prepare the schedule which it hopes to have ready for distribution early in June. It is the committee's aim to have more groups and massive plants at next year's show than were seen at the previous shows. Many other new features are also to be introduced to make the show the most attractive of any ever held in this country. AMONG THE GARDENERS James F. Slimon, for many years manager of J. M. Thorl)urn & Co., later of Vaughan's New York store, and more recently holding a similar position with Grant F. Lippert, died at his home in Brooklyn on May 8, in his 51st year. Mr. Slimon numbered a host of friends among the gardening fraternity who will be grieved to learn of his untimely demise. D. L. Alackintosh was recently appointed chief horti- culturist at the Minnesota State Prison, Stillwater, Minn. ISefore going west some years ago, Mr. Mackintosh was superintendent of Bell wood Farm, Geneva, N. Y., but he has since become a firm believer in big future opportuni- ties for the gardener in the Northwest. W. D. Nickerson, gardener on the estate of M. T. Jones, at Houston, Texas, will come North to take charge of the Jones summer home at North Conway, N. H. R. W. Fowkes, who was appointed gardener on the Howard Cole estate, Madison, N. J., this spring, is now in full charge of that place. J. C. Shield writes under recent date that everything in the section of Alonticello, 111., is looking splendid, and that they expect to pick fresh jieas, etc., about the 30th, which will be only five davs later than usual. Wm. Plumb, chief of horticulture of the Panama-Pacific Exposition, assumed the duties of his position on Mav 1st. N. Buttcrbach has been appointed general sujierintend- ent of the new B. B. Ward estate, New Rochelle, N. Y. A\'illiam Allan, formerly gardener to Dr. Jacobs, has accepted a similar position on the estate of Mrs. Geo. D. Widener, of Newport, R. I. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP National Association of Gardeners I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : — Name in fall Occupation A ddr ess — — Date Reference Formurd AppUcuHon io M. C. EBEL. Secreiiry. Madison, N. ].. txiith dues, -which tre $2.00 jutnvilly, including subscrip- tion to the official org in of the Association. 18 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. A RECORD UNIQUE The little town of Lenox is justly celebrated for several things, notably its beautiful scenery, magnificent country homes and its literary associations. But there is another feature which will interest the horticultural and agricul- tural fraternity, and that is, the men who have charge of the Lenox estates, who for some reason which seems peculiar to the locality, "stay put," a characteristic which has become so marked that a Xew York seedsman is responsible for the assertion that the Lenox superin- tendents "neither die nor resign." That this statement may be a trifle overdrawn in the first part we will not attempt to deny, but we submit that there are few locali- ties in these United States or in the world which can match our record. For we have within a radius of three miles twenty-seven estates of varying size, the superin- tendents of which have an aggregate of five hundred and forty years service to their credit, or an average of twenty years each. And if we select ten of the long service men they average thirty-one years each. Nearly a dozen have been the only occupants of their position, having been there from the beginning of the place as a country estate and some have held their position under several owners, apparent!}- being like Tennyson's "Brook," for owners may come, and owners may go but they go on for ever. Some may argue that staying long in one place tends to make a man narrow, or moss-grown. Be this as it may, long and faithful service has ever been looked upon with some measure of respect the world over and employer as well as employee may well be congratulated u]ion a con- dition so honorable to all parties. We feel that the accompanying photograph would be incomplete without a few words about the men and the estates the\- manage, so we will commence with the dean of the corps, John Baker, who is seventy-five years young, straight as an arrow and as active as a youth : he has had charge of "The Dormers," Mrs. R. T. .-Xchnnitvs' estate. for more than forty-five years and is an allround farmer and gardener. Our next veteran is William Henry, who for forty years has "gardened finely" at Groton Place, the estate of Mr. Grenville L. Winthrop, where there is a very fine Italian garden, e.xtra fine hardy trees and a very interesting orchard of dwarf fruit trees. James Feeley is quite in the running with thirty-eight years at Wyndhurst, the estate of the late John Sloane. Mr. Feeley's special- ties are pedigreed cattle, j)oultry, orchards, vegetables and all the rest that goes to make the products of a complete country home. Charles Mattoon is in the same class, hav- ing for thirty-eight years had charge of the Morgan Farm on the \'entford Hall estate. Alexander McConnachie, who is now for the second time president of the Lenox Horticultural Society, has been at "Tanglewood," Mr. Richard C. Dixey's place, for the last thirty-three years, gardening and farming. Afr. John M. Hughes is our next subject, and he has been at "Wayside," the estate of Mrs. Wm. H. Bradford, for thirty years. Rudolf A. Schmidt has been at "Sunnycroft," the estate of Mrs. G. G. Haven for twenty-six years, and in addition to being an expert horticulturist has been very successful with poultry. E. J. Xorman is rapidly approaching the quarter century mark as superintendent of "Erskine Park," the estate of the late George Westinghouse. Here are lawns of nearly a hundred acres in e.xtent and miles of drives as well as powerful fountains which play every day in summer, and Mr. Norman has had the making of it all. A. H. Wmgett is likewise getting very close to the quarter century mark as superintendent of ".Mien Winden," Mr. Charles Lanier's estate. Air. Wingett is a delegate to the State Board of .\griculture, where he very ably represents the Lenox Florticultural Society. George H. Thom]:)son was unavoidably absent when the photo was taken, but was worthily represented by George H., Jr. Mr. Thomjjson has had charge of "Wheatleigli," the estate of Mr. Carlos De Heredia for some twentv-two \'ears and has been Reading left to right the names are: Front row — Walter Marsden, Tl^omas Prcctor. E. .1. Xorman, John M. Hughes. .\. McConnachie, Wm. Henry, John Baker, James Feeley. Cha^. Matton.- Second row — Wm. Tirrell, John Krah, David Dunne, F. H.. Butler, -Walter Jack, John Donahue, R. A. Schmidt, Harry Herreman. Third row — George H. Ferguson, ,\. J. Loveless, Alex. McLeod, Frec^erick Herremans, A. H. Wingett, George Foulsham,' Edwin Jenkins, S. Carl- quist, Robert Purcell, George H. Thompson, Jr. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 19 there ever since the place was started. "Wheatleigh" is noted for its beautiful Italian gardens, fine coniferous trees and the production of high class vegetables. Frank H. Butler has been twenty-two years superin- tendent of "Interlaken," the estate of Mrs. John E. Par- sons. Air. Butler has been selectman for the town of Lenox for many years and the estate he manages has always been noted for its excellent collections of her- baceous plants. G. W. Ferguson is another of our city fathers and has had charge of "Pinecroft'' for a score of years. "Pinecroft" is the estate of Air. F. A. Schemer- horn, and Air. Ferguson made it famous by raising a record crop of wheat a few years ago. A. J. Loveless has nearly a score of years to his credit as superintendent of "Wyndhurst Gardens," the estate of Airs. W. E. S. Gris- wold. Air. Loveless has always been a heavy prize win- ner at all the exhibitions and has done some good work in hybridization of amaryllis and orchids. John Krah ha.; been nineteen years in charge of "Coldbrooke," the estate of the late Captain John S. Barnes and has always been to the front with the good things of horticulture and agri- culture. John Donahue has seen nineteen years at "Bel- voir Terrace," Airs. Alorris K. Jessups' place. Air. Dona- hue succeeded his father, the late P. J. Donahue, who was widely known as a clever landscape gardener, and "Belvoir Terrace" is a fine example of his work. Walter Alarsden superintends "Sunnyridge," the estate of Air. George W. Folsom, and has done so for eighteen years. Here are interesting old fashioned gardens and superb lawns. Edwin Jenkins has been at "Bellefontaine," the estate of Air. Giraud Foster, for seventeen years. Sigerd Carlquist has had charge of "Ethelwyn," Mrs. Robert Winthrop's place, for thirteen years and has always been in the forefront at the shows with grapes, carna- tions, chrysanthemums and vegetables. Thomas Proctor has been at "Blantyre," the estate of Air. R. W. Paterson, for something over thirteen years, and in that time "Blan- tyre" has become famous for its chrysanthenuuns, orchids and its conservatory, which is always Ijright with what- ever flowers are in season. The work of laying out "lilantvre" was largelv planned and entirely carried out by Air. Proctor. "Elm Court," the estate of Air. W. D. Sloane. is one of the largest and best appointed places in the country, and is under the able superintendence of Frederick Herremans, where lie has been this eleven years past. Mr. Herre- mans is an expert exhibitor especially of plant groups for effect, in which he is seldom defeated. Walter Jack has been at "Sprinklawn," the estate of Airs. John E. Alexandre, ever since its beginning some eleven years ago, and is strong on annuals, early vegetables and all kinds of hardy plants. David Dunne has been at "Clips- ton Grange," the estate of Air. Frank K. Sturgis, for eleven years, and a glance at the ])lace will convince any one that an able gardener is in charge. William Tirrel is another eleven year man and like many of the others it is not his fault that he has not a longer period of service to his credit, for he has been at "Pine Needles'' ever since the owner. Air. George Batty Blake, started the place. George Foulsham is likewise deprived of the honor of having served a, few score years by the fact that Air. W. B. O. Field, the ovv'ner of "Highlawn," only opened up the place some five years ago. This fact has not prevented Air. Foulsham from showing up strong at the summer shows with sweet-peas, perennials and an- nuals Robert Purcell has been at "Eastover," the estate of Air. Harris Fahnestock since its Ijeginning some four years ago. This place promises to rank high among the Lenox gardens. Harry Herremans is one of the juniors, having been at "Edgecombe," the estate of the Alisses Furnisses, for about three years, and Alexander AIcLeod is another of the newcomers, he having charge of "White Lodge," the estate of Air. Albert R. Shattuck. A HORTICULTURAL INVESTIGATION. The Bureau of Plant Industry, of the United States Department of Agriculture, has undertaken to conduct a campaign of investigation on the behavior of ornamental plants in all parts of the United States, and as much in- formation as is possible to obtain is naturally desirable on the actual behavior of the plants in different localities. With this in view, a form for the recording of the desired information has been prepared, which will be supplied to anyone signifying a willingness to co-operate in the work. The information asked for covers the time of opening and dropping of leaves and flowers, and coloring and dropping of fruit when there are any. F. L. Alulford, Landscape Gardener of the Bureau of Plant Industry, in charge of the investigation, believes that the gardeners of America are in a position to ma- terially help the department in this work and he invites them to co-operate in it to the Imit of their available time. Those who can assist in the investigation should imme- diately address themselves to F. L. Alulford, Landscape Gardener, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., and they will then be supplied with the necessary blanks and instructions for gathering the information that is being sought. In co-operating with the I'nited States .Agricultural De- partment in this cause the gardeners will indirectly Ijenefit themselves as the accumulated information will be prop- erly compiled and the records w'ill be filed as a future reference : so that it will be possible for the gardener to inform himself on the habits of the different ornamental plants in the various localities of the country, and not find it necessary, as he frequently does now to plant and tlien learn, by experience, that certain plants are not adaptable for the surroundings in which they are planted. AN INTERESTING EXHIBIT. To those particular appreciative lovers of rare green- house flowering plants the following will bring back to the memories of those who had the opportunity to view the mnnerous exhibits of Acacias, Ericas and Boronias at the International Flower Show which was held in the latter part of Alarch in Xew York, wliat a fine dis- play they were. It must have been most pleasing for the many British gardeners in particular, who visited this show to note the increasing number of entries made this year over last, and the most pleasing part of it is that ninety-nine per cent, of all the plants were American grown, and there- fore not imported or grown in Europe. I was over-joyed at the very fine collection staged by the Knight & Struck Company of Flushing, New York, for wliich they were awarded the first prize. In this group I noticed several very fine plants, among which I mention the following few : Hardcnbcrghia iMoiiophylla : a beautiful dark mauve flower. Chovsia Tcniata: with its sweet scented orange blos- som-like flowers. Boroiiia Elafior; bearing innumerable cherry cerise oval flowers. Boroiiia M(\i;asfii;iiia ; chocolate colored sweet scented flowers. Splendid plants of CoroncUa Claiica: showing masses of glistening bright yellow flowers. Magnificent seven-inch l-'ots, of well-flowered Chorozcma Cordate Variety Sp'.cndcns. 20 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. Special mention is to be made of the beautiful Eauera Rubioides : dozens of well-flowered specimens were to be ■seen. Among the Acacias, I noted A. Cordata; a dwarf species, cat-tailed spikes of light yellow flowers; A. Longifolia, A. Heterophylla, A. Floribunda, A. Cidtri- f or mis. etc. Among the most noteworthy varieties of Ericas, I was delighted to see some Erica Trauslusccns; fine specimens in eight-inch Azalea Pans, bearing eight to nine spikes of pink-tubed flowers ; Erica Sindryana, also called the Blue Heath, long-tubed variety ; elegant plants of Erica Cavendishii, the yellow heath ; Erica Perspicua Erecta, the white-tubed variety; also elegant specimens of Erica Pcrsoluta alba and Rosea; Erica Barbata: and hundreds of Erica Cnpressiana. a dwarf heath bearing innumerable clusters of pink bells. I understand this firm grows some twenty distinct varieties of Ericas, devoting some ten houses to their culture exclusively. I had occasion to visit their estab- lishment last fall, and I must admit my surprise to view the enormous stock they had on hand at that time. Henry Le Ciiev.alier. THE AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY'S PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE OF PRIZES FOR THE SUMMER EXHIBI- TION, TO BE HELD AT THE MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK, JUNE 27 & 28, 1914. The Henry F. Michell Company's Prizes. — For the best six vases of Sweet Peas. 2.t sprays, and a vase of six distinct Spencer varieties, the Mitchell silver medal. For the best 2.t blooms Sweet Peas, Apple Blossom, Spencer with foliage, the Mitchell silver medal. For the best vase Sweet Peas, Spencer varieties mixed with foliage, not less than 100 Idooms. the Mitchell silver medal. ilessrs. R. & .J. Farqnhar & Co.'s Prize. — Best bridal bouquet of Sweet Peas. Gypsophila sprays or foliage other than that of the Sweet Pea may be used. (Private gardeners only.) Three prizes. First prize, $10; second prize, $6; third prize, $4. The Knight & Struck Company's Prizes. — For the best vase of Sweet Peas, containing 25 sprays, of which no two are alike in shading. First prize, $2.5; second prize, $15; third prize, $10. The Peter Henderson & Co.'s Prizes (for Private Oardeners). — For the best 12 vases, 20 sprays to vase, of 12 distinct varieties of Spencer Sweet Peas. First prize, $25; second prize. $15; third prize, $10. The Peter Henderson & Co.'s Prizes (for Amateurs Only). — Best vase 12 sprays white Spencer Sweet Peas , $5.00 TSest vase 12 sprays pink Spencer Sweet Peas 5.00 Best vase 12 sprays lavender Spencer Sweet Peas 5.00 Best vase 12 sprays bicolor Spencer Sweet Peas 5.00 Best vase 12 spraj's cream-pink Spencer Sweet Peas 5.00 Best vase 12 sprays crimson Spencer Sweet Peas 5.00 Best vase 12 sprays orange Spencer Sweet Peas 5.00 Best vase 12 sprays rose Spencer Sweet Peas 5.00 Sweepstakes. — To the winner of the greatest number of Peter Henderson & Co.'s amateur prizes, $10. Messrs. Burnett Brothers' Prize. — A silver cup, value $25. The W. Atlee Burpee Cup (Value .$25). — For the finest 12 vases of Sweet Peas, 12 varieties. The W. Atlee Burpee Prize. — For the best vase of one variety ■of Spencer type Sweet Peas introduced 1914. First prize, $5; second prize, $3 ; third prize, $2. The \V. Atlee Burpee Prize. — For the best vase of Grandiflora t}'pe Sweet Peas, one variety. First prize, .$5; second prize, $3; tliird prize. $2. The Arthur T. Boddington Prize (Challenge Silver Cup, Value $50). — For a collection of Sweet Peas, 25 varieties, not less than 25 stems to a vase, to be shown with Sweet Pea foliage only. To be won twice by the same exhibitor. There will also be awarded to the winner of this cup (each time won) a cash prize -of $25; second prize, $15; third prize, $10. The C. C. Morse & Co.'s Prize (A Silver Cup, value $25).— For the finest display of .Sweet Peas. Open to the seed trade only. Messrs. Stump & Walter Company's Prize. — For the best six vases of Sweet Pears, six distinct Spencer varieties, 20 sprays to the vase. First prize, $15; second prize, $10; third prize, $5. For private gardeners only. The Henry A. Dreer Prizes. — For the best vase of Florence Nightingale Sweet Peas. First prize, $3; second prize, $2. For tlie best vase Queen Alexandra .Spencer, Sweet Peas; first prize, $3; second prize, $2. For the best vase white Spencer Sweet Peas; first prize, $3; second prize. .$2. The ilount Desert Nurseries Prizes. — For the best vase of Sweet Peas, one varietj-, any color, 25 stems arranged for effect, any other foliage than Sweet Pea may be used. First prize, $7.50; second prize, $2.50. Mrs. Sutton & Son's Prize (A Silver Cup, value .$25). — For the best table of Sweet Peas to be arranged on a space 4 by 3 feet and not to exceed 3 feet in height. Sweet Pea foliage or Gyp- sophila, or both, can be used. The Watkins & Simpson Prize. — For the best six vases Spencer or Unwin Sweet Peas. First prize, $10. The American Sweet Pea Society's Prize. — For the best dis- play covering 24 square feet; Sweet Pea or other foliage can be used. First prize, The American Sweet Pea Society's silver medal and .$25; second prize. The American Sweet Pea Society's bronze medal and $15. The American Sweet Pea Society's Prizes. — For the best 12 vases of Sweet Peas, 12 varieties, 10 sprays to a vase. First prize, $12; second prize, $8; third prize, $4. The American Sweet Pea Society's Prizes. — For the best six vases of Sweet Peas, varieties, 10 sprays to a vase. First prize, $6; second prize, .$4; third prize, $2. The American Sweet Pea Society's Prizes. — For the best three vases of Sweet Peas, 3 varieties. 10 sprays to a vase. First prize, $4; second prize, $2; third prize, $1. Sweet Peas. — Decoration for table of eight covers; glasses, cut- lery and linen to be used. First prize, $25; second prize, $15; third prize, $10. Exhibitors shall be allowed to use Sweet Pea foliage, asparagus, smilax, Gypsophila or all. Ribbons also allowed. Sweet Peas — Spencers. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 25 sprays any white variety $4.00 .$3.00 $2.00 25 sprays any crimson. or scarlet 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any rose or raarmine 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any yellow or buff 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any iilue 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any cerise 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any deep pink 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any cream pink 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any orange 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any lavender 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any violet or purple. 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any magenta 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any mauve 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any maroon or bronze 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any Picotee-edged 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any striped or flaked red or rose. . 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any striped or flaked blue or purple 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any fancy (having tliree colors).. 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any bicolor other than picotee-edged 4.00 3.00 2.00 25 sprays any marbled or mottled 4.00 3.00 2.00 For Amateurs Only. 1st. 2nd. Best vase white, 12 sprays to a vase $3.00 $2.00 Best vase pink, 12 sprays to a vase 3.00 2.00 Best vase dark pink, 12 spraj's to a vase 3.00 2.00 Best vase lavender. 12 sprays to a vase 3.00 2.00 Best vase salmon or rose, 12 sprays to a vase 3.00 2.00 Best vase crimson or scarlet, 12 sprays to a vase. . . . 3.00 2.00 Best vase primrose, 12 sprays to a vase 3.00 2.00 Best vase any other color, 12 s]irays to a vase 3.00 2.00 Retailers. A Mantel Decoration of Sweet Peas (the mantel to be furnished by the exhibitor). — First prize, offered by The American Sweet Pea Society, a silver medal and $25; second prize. The American Sweet Pea Society's bronze medal and $15. Only Sweet Pea foliage, palms and ferns may Ije used in this class. A Bridal Bouquet of Sweet Peas. — The American Sweet Pea Society's prizes: First prize, $10; second prize, $6. Only Sweet Pea foliage or Gypsophila may be used in this class. A Hamper of Sweet Peas. — The American Sweet Pea Society's prizes: First prize. $15; second prize, $10. Only Sweet Pea foliage may be used. A Corsage of Sweet Peas. — The American Sweet Pea Society's prizes: First prize, $6; second prize, .$3. Sweet Pea foliage or Gypsophila may be used. Michell Special Prize for Geranium, Helen Michell. — First prize, $50 in gold ; second prize. Michell's gold medal ; third prize, Michell's silver medal, for the best single pot (single plant) of the Geranium "Helen Michell" to be exhibited in connection with The Sweet Pea show of The American Sweet Pea Society in New York, end of June. 1914. HARRY A. BUNYAUD, Secretary, May 15, I9I4. 3:42 West 14th St., New York City. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 21 JUNE EXHIBITION OF NEWPORT GARDEN ASSOCIATION AND NEWPORT HORTI- CULTURAL SOCIETY— JUNE 24-25. (Schedule continued from April issue.) Regular Classes — Cut Flowers. 1st. 2iul. 3rfl. Class 43. For tlie best collection of outdoor Roses named varieties, not more than 3 stems or sprays of a vari- ety. cxhil)ited on table 9x3 feet bv Newport County gardeners $12.00 $8.00 $5.00 Class 44. For tlie best vase of 25 American Beauty Roses 7.00 5.00 3.00 Class 45. For the best 12 Hybrid perpetual Roses. 12 varieties in bottles 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 46. For the best 12 Hvbrid perpetual Roses, 6 varieties "in bottles 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 47. For the best vase of 12 Hvbrid per- petual Roses, one variety (red) . . 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 48. For the best vase of 12 Hvbrid per- petual Roses, one variety (pink). 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 49. For tlie best vase of 12 Hybrid per- petual Roses, one variety (white) 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 50. For the best vase of 12 Hybrid per- petual Roses, one variety (blush white) .' 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 51. For the best vase of 25 Hybrid per- petual Roses, any varieties 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 52. For tlie best vase of 12 Tea or Hy- brid Tea Roses, outdoor grown (red) 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 53. For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy- brid Tea Roses, outdoor grown (white) 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 54. For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy- brid Tea Roses, outdoor grown (pink) 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 55. For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy- bride Tea Roses, outdoor grown (yellow) 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 56. For the best vase of 12 Tea or Hy- brid Tea Roses, outdoor grown (any other color) 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 57. For the best 12 Gardenia Bloom... 3.00 2.00 l.OO Class 58. For the best collection of 12 varie- ties of Hardy Herbaceous flowers, named 3.00 2.00 1.00 Class 59. For the best display of Sweet Peas shown with sweet pea foliage lO.OO 8.00 5.00 Class 60. For the best 6 vases of Sweet Peas, 6 distinct varieties, 25 sprays in vase 5.00 3.00 2.00 Class 61. For the best 3 vases of Sweet Peas. 3 distinct varieties, 25 sprays in vase • 3.00 2.00 1.00 Special Classes — Cut Flowers. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. Class 62. For the best vase of outdoor grown Hybrid Tea Roses $6.00 $4.00 Class 63. For the best exhibit of outdoor Roses in a space 9x3 feet Silver Vase, value $25 Class 64. For the best vase of Cut Flowers, artistically arranged A Water Color Sketch Class 65. Best display of Hvbrid Tea Roses in space 6x3 feet 12.00 8.00 5.00 Regular Classes — Baskets and Centrepieces. Class 66. For the best fancy basket of Roses 1st. 2nd. 3rd. and Rose Foliage, outdoor grown. $8.00 .$5.00 $3.00 Class 67. For the best centrepiece of outdoor grown Roses and Rose Foliage. . . 5.00 3.00 2.00 Class 68. For the best fancy basket of Roses, open to gardeners' assistants only 5.00 3.00 2.00 Class 69. For the best fancy basket of Foli- age Plants with flowering plants or cut flowers $15.00 $10.00 Note.— Classes 66. 67, 68, 69 to be shown on second day. 1st. 2nd. 3rd. Class 98. For the best 6 distinct kinds of vegetables $6.00 $4.00 Class 99. For the best 12 distinct kinds of vegetables Silver Cup. NEW APPOINTMENTS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY. Dr. Beverly T. Galloway has been appointed Dean of the New York State College of Agriculture. He succeeds Prof. L. H. Bailey. Dr. Galloway, who is 50 years of age, has been engaged in floricultural, horticultural and agricultural pursuits since he has been a young man, and has been connected for many years with the United States Department of Agriculture, rising to the position of Assistant Secretary of Agriculture, to which he was appointed about a year ago, and which position he has just resigned to assume the duties of his new appointment. He possesses all the qualifications to fit him for his new office, and Cornell University is to be congratulated on the selection made by its board of trustees in the appointment of Dr. Galloway. At a recent meeting of the Agricultural Council of Cornell University two appointments were made to the staff in the Department of Floricultiu-e. These were the appointment of David Lumsden, of the New Hampshire College of Agriculture, as assistant professor of floricul- ture, and Clark L. Thayer, of the Massachusetts Agricul- tural College, as assistant in investigation. Mr. Lumsden comes to the university splendidly fitted for the work. He is a man of wide experience, of pleasing personality, and speaks easily and clearly. He is a graduate of the Sleaford Collegiate School of London, England, and also of the Veitchian School of Horticulture where he specialized in floriculture. For a number of years he was employed in glass houses on private estates in Eng- land, and for two years before coming to .\merica was in charge of the glass-house department for growing flowers and fruits and also in charge of the room and table decorations for the Duke of Westminster, from whom he holds a testimonial of high efficiency. Since coming to this country nineteen years ago, Mr. Lumsden has spent thirteen years in practical work on commercial places and si.x years at the New Hampshire Agricultural College where has has been in charge of the work in floriculture Mr. Thayer is a native of Enfield, Mass.. and a graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College in the class of 1913. During the past year he has been do- ing graduate work at the Massachusetts Agricultural College and has assisted in the teaching. The short courses during the past winter were under his direct supervision. \Ir. Thayer will study for an advanced de- gree at Cornell and assist in investigational work. The staflf of the Department of Floriculture at Cornell is now the largest of any in the United States. It con- sists of the following: Professor Edward A. White, head of the department; Dr. .\. C. Beal. professor of investigation: David Lumsden, assistant professor; Koland H. Patch, instructor ; .\lfred C. Hottes, instructor in investigation; Miss Lua A. Minns, in.structor: Clark L. Thaver, assistant in investigation ; Miss Julia Z. Kelly, secretary and curator; Arthur B. Cornelius, gardener; David Murray, assistant gardener. The CHRONICLE is at the disposal of any person who may desire to subscribe for it. Your address, with one dollar, sent to GARDENERS' CHRONICLE. Madison, N. J., will bring the CHRONICLE to you tor one year. 22 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. THE BEAUTIFUL COLUMBINES. It is strange that such attractive and hardy flowers, so radiantly beautiful, should receive so little attention. They are easily grown, require but little eiTort. and repay all care and labor needed, a hundredfold. Light itself has been dissolved, and ail its prismatic rays have been woven into their bloom. I think one trouble has been that they have not been planted on a scale large enough, and in generous masses, so that their charms could be seen to advantage. People persist in getting a lovely flower, and giving it the task of enlivening dreary surroundings, and the poor thing cannot show to advantage. Then no single one, beautiful as it may be, can rep- resent them all. Does one realize what a great family they are, over fifty native species? No flowers hybridize more readily. You secure a large variety, and then sow seeds from these, and you have a marvelous permutation of beauty. No two flowers of this so-called crop will be entirely alike. The bumble bees, especially, delight in their nectar. They seem alinost intoxicated as they revel in it. (Jf course, they carry the pollen from one flower to another, and the result is something new. There is an intense fascination in watching the various changes wrought, and to see the bewitching loveliness of some of the new arrivals. If one could sort out some of these and name and describe them, he could give some rare treasures to the floral world. By this process you would have the pleasure of forming new acquaintances whom no one else has yet met. Let us take a look at some of them. The Chrysantha. the golden. The color is yellow, and not only that, there is a good ileal of it. It is intense as though the flower had secured all it could, and had packed and pressed it together, in the most lovely form imaginable. What long and delicate spurs it has ! We saw it growing wild in the Yellowstone National Park. There, it was small and comparatively insignificant ; but, transported, with good cultivation, it gives grateful response to kindly at- tention. A flower does not blush as well unseen, while it "wastes its fragrance on the desert air," as when there are admirers, to appreciate its beauty. Many a flower comparatively unattractive in its wild state, will bloom in a prodigality of loveliness, under the influence of cultiva- tion, and where it can be seen and enjoyed. The Picea Pungens, the king of beauty among the conifers, no- where in all the mountains, does as well, as when trans- planted in the rich soil of the prairie or eastern states, and receives the attention it deserves. Then the needles are longer, and the sheen is far brighter, and more radiant than in its own habitat. There is another of attractive appearance, with long and delicate spurs. The petals are snowy white and in- tense blue. It seems a photograph of the sapphire of the sky and the fleecy clouds. This is the Coerlia of the Rockies, and the state flower of Colorado. W'e often see these in masses at an altitude of eight or nine thou- sand feet. In many places the>- grow to great size, as some localities seem' better adapted to their development than others. When taken down to the plains they need some shelter from the burning sun and hot winds. This variety really hybridizes with others, and its motherhood is seen in many types in recent years, So readily does it cross, that though the original plants will be all right, yet the progeny varies so readily, and to such an extent, that pure seed must be secured from the mountains if you would be sure. It is a large, solid flower. It has no spurs whatever. It is quilled like the dahlia. Another is salmon pink, lined with white, a gorgeous flower, and the blooms hang like lamps in a chandelier, around the parent stem. Here is one that is large, compact, snowy white. It is a full and prodigal bloomer, and near it. is a single white, well spurred.. In close proximity, is one of deep blue, a single flower, with long, slender spurs, much like the Coerlia, to wliich it probably owes its parentage. In the crossing, it doubtless got enough of the blue, from one of those of deep azure to eliminate the white. Time would fail to describe them all. The Golden is less liable than others, to enter into crosses. One reason is. that it is so much later, and yet there are several that show its influence, and many of the golden ones have been somewhat swerved from their distinct form. These flowers commence blooming with the tulips, and continue to flower for two months, while the Chrysantha will break out, now and then, all summer. Imagine, if you can, a blend of these charming colors, in a mass of several hundred, some early, others late, some single, others double, many of them tall and others dwarfs. In color from purest white to deepest purple. HOW TO GROW THEM. (let a quantity of mi.xed seed, and sow early in the spring. The seeds are small and, of course, must be planted shallow. Rut here is the trouble, the ground dries before the seed can germinate. Contrive some way to keep the surface wet all the while, day and night, till they come up. But yau would better trust to experts, who make it their business, and buy the plants, which can be had at very reasonable rates, and thus save a good deal of care and ve.xation. and a year's growth, as they will bloom some the first season. Put in rows eighteen to twenty-four inches apart, and twelve to eighteen inches, in the row, and they will soon stool out, and cover the ground. It is better to mulch well with coarse manure, after the ground freezes, and in the spring rake it between the rows. GLEN COVE VS. OYSTER BAY. A bowling contest was held at Ryders .\llevs. Oyster Bay, Friday, May 8, 1914, between teams of five men a side, from Glen Cove representing the Nassau County Horticultural Society andl five from Oyster Bay repre- senting the Oyster Bay Horticultural Society, best two out of three games. Oyster Bav won, taking two straight games. James Duthie, of the Oyster Bay team, was high man in both games. A retdrn match was plaved at Allchins Alleys at Sea Clift', May 18, 1914, same' teams and terms, wdien C)yster Bay again wOn in two straight. Ernest J. Brown, of Glen Cove, made high score in the match, but later in the evening Francis .\. Gale, of Oyster Bay, beat his score, making 200. However, if all the Glen Cove boys had done as good bowling as Brown, thev would undoulDtedly have won the match. A peculiar co- incidence is that the Glen Cove team is made up of four Englishmen and one Scotchman, while 0^•ster Bav has four Scotchmen and one Englishman, and perhaps the two Scotch pipers which the 0\ster Bay boys took to Sea Cliff with them may have had a good deal to do with their winning. We certainly had the bag pipes skirlin' and made the rafters ring and jist for the sake o' Auld Lang Syne. We filled our cups and "Hoot Man" bowled to win. J.\MES Duthie. Pruning For Fruit By V Our primary object in maintaining an orchard is to take from it >ear after year the largest possible quantities of fruit of the best possible grades and at the lowest prac- ticable costs. It is because of this that we cultivate, fer- tilize, thin, spray, prune and otherwise care for the trees. This being true, the value of any particular orchard op- eration or practice can be — and should lie — measured by the way in which it influences yield, grades and cost of production. If then we ask the question. "Why do we prune?" our .answer is that fundamentally we prune to get more fruit and better fruit, to increase quantity and quality. At this point it may be objected by some that we also prune to secure a certain shaped tree. That, however, is a matter of training, and pruning should not be confused with training. Training has to do with the shaping of trees, with making them assume one form or another. We train trees with open or close centers : with round, spreading or flat tops ; with many or few scaffold limbs ; with high or low heads. Training does not have to do directls' with the functioning, with the behavior, of the tree. .V tree trained with an open center may be much better adapted to a certain soil, a certain slope and a cer- tain amount of humidity than a close centered tree of the same variety. The reverse may be true of the same variety under an entirely difi^erent set of conditions. But whether in training we secure a good shape or a poor one for a certain variety, under our conditions, train- ing has to do primarily with form. On the other hand we prune trees to so modify, to so control, their fruit habits that larger and more regular cro])s of better fruit will be borne. In other words, we prune to modify function. B'roadlv speaking, we can control the fruiting habit of fruit trees onl\' in so far as we can control their machinery for, fruit production. The flower is usually regarded as the mechanism that the plant constructs for the ultimate purpose of fruit and seed formation, l)ut flower formation depends, to a very large extent, upon the number of flower spurs, or. as we call them, "fruit spurs," and upon their behavior. This is practical]}' the ec|uivalent of saying that the fruit spur is the real machine throusjh the operation of which fruit is manufactured. Possibly excejition mav be taken to this in the case of bearing on one-year-old wood, but this rather extraordinary habit of some varieties of apples and pears is not general enough to seriously con- flict with the statements made. At anv rate, the fruit spur is the mechanism that the tree usually employs in its work of fruit bearing. WitlnnU 'doubt manv factors influence the initial de- velopment and the later health and vigor and regularit\- of' functioning of fruit spurs. Indeed there are eood reasons to believe that most of our orchard practices, such as cultivation, fertilization, spraying, the use of cover crops, etc., influence them either directly or in- directly. Pruning, however, has generally been looked upon as a practice through which we directly influence fruit spurs. All fruit growers know that thev can prune them out and thus reduce their numljcr. Many believe that by this or that pruning practice they can stimulate their formation or possiblv increase their vigar or lengthen or shorten their life, etc.: and these beliefs are founded upon careful observation and experience. The trees in some orchards are full of fruit spurs ; those of other orchards are relatively much fewer in number. The individual fruit spurs in some orchards R. Gardner. average an apple or a pear once every two or three years ; those in other orchards average a fruit only once in four or five or six or eight or even ten years. The average length of life of the fruit spur in some trees may be three or four vears ; in others thirty or forty years. These are e.xtremes, of course, but they represent facts regarding the fruit manufacturing machinery in our orchards. The health, vigor and longevity of the fruit spur de- pend upon its food and moisture supply and upon the amount of sunlight that it receives. It is possible for a tree to be so situated that there is not enough moisture and food present to supply properly all the spurs and their developing fruits. It is also possible for the upper and outer limbs to be so numerous and the growth they make so dense that many of the inner and lower branches, with their fruit spurs, receive insufficient light to keep them thrifty. Later these shaded spurs die oif and the fruiting area of the tree is thereby reduced. L'nder these circumstances judicious pruning would so limit the number of spurs that there would be food and moisture for all; and the branches would be so thinned that enough sunlight would filter through the outer and upper part of the tree to keep the remaining parts grow- ing vigorously. Though possibly a smaller percentage of fruit grow- ers under-prune than over-jirune, too little pruning is without question the direct cause of small crops and in- ferior fruit in many orchards. It is not necessary to visit a large number of orchards in order to find evidence of too light pruning. Dead and dying fruit spurs are very common, especially on older trees. There may be loss of fruit spurs from dense shading in over-pruned trees, and there will, of course, be a certain loss from other perfectly legitimate causes such as occasional injuries in- cident to picking in very well-cared-for trees, but in gen- eral the dving out of many fruit spurs indicates too little pruning. The practical question at once arises: "How much are We to prune?" From the very nature of the question no answer can be given which can be taken as a rule to be al- wavs followed. It is the principles which underlie tree growth and fruit production that determine amount of pruning. ( )nly as these principles are applied to each in- dividual problem as it arises — in other words, to each in- dividual tree — can the right amount of [iruning be done. From what has been said it is evident that jjroper ]iruning consists in the removal of just enough wood to afford the largest possible number of fruit spurs a good supply of light and food, and consequently keep them growing vigorously and fruiting regularly. A tendency on the part of the tree to produce water sprouts and other wood growth at the expense of fruit spurs indicates that two iieavv pruning has already been done. Irregular bearing and dving out of fruit spurs indicates that too little prun- ing or pruning in the wrong part of the tree, or both, have been faults of recent years. The person who prunes should glance quickly over the tree, judge quickly and ac- curately of the balance (or lack of it) that exists between wood and fruit production, between vegetative growth and fruit-bearing surface, and then proceed to restore or maintain this balance. In its last analysis the question of amount of pruning becomes a question of judgment. Rules cannot be given, or if given they are almost worse than useless. They mislead as often, or more often, than they lead aright. Principles governing amount can be more or less thoroughly understood and then applied to individual cases. Principles are always the same. 24 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. QUERIES and ANSWERS IVe believe the greatest good can be accomflUhed for the graatest number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe- riences, on practical propositions, by our readers. You are initted to contribute questions, and answer others. Each question as received will be given a number, the question- er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will be given unless otherwise requested. IVe all have something we would like to know more about. Here is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just that matter. Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other. Jake advantage of this "Question Box." Can anyone tell me how to grow gardenias? Mine have all cast their buds. I grow them in the palm house and feed well each week with nitrate of soda, alternating with liquid cow manure. — T. M. B. The cause of _vour gardenias losing their buds is no doubt due to bad drainage. A palm house is also not a suitable place to grow these plants, but a rose house is ideal. You do not state whether you grow in pots, but pot or bench grown, perfect drainage is required and essential. From the daily syringing of the palms the gardenias probably get too much water. Worms also infest some soils very much. Try a watering with Vermine, after readjusting the drainage and remove into a sunny house at once. Syringe daily and repot when necessary, using a peaty soil. Do not feed with nitrate of soda. It will fetch the foliage off and kill the plants. A little top dressing of good loam and cow manure and a little bone dust is better; and an occa- sional watering with soot water. — R. W. F. What can I grow in my palm house during summer, when we take the palms out on the lawns? It is 25 feet long and about 15 feet high and has two side benches.— T. M. B. Celosia Castle Gould, which should be sown at once, schizanthus, and a few ferns also. But do not shade the former. Bouvardia Humboldtii and the double varieties are easily grown, and are nice for using in summer where indoor flowers other than roses are grown. — J. H. T. I Cedar Acres Gladioli I "Bulbs That Bloom" I GLADIOLI of merit for the private I grower especially. BOOKLET full of j practical information free. I B. HAMMOND TRACY ^ Gladioli Specialist I BOX J WENHAM, MASS. | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiinw |lllllillllll{lli[lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll[l1t1!llltl1l1tl{li!lllflllllllllllllllll1llllllllllllllllll!lllllllllllllliltll{llll{lllllllllllll!lllllllllllll^ j ORNAMENTAL IRON WORK | I For Lawns and Gardens. l I Chas. C. Force & Son, | I LET CS ESTIM.VTE ON YOUR WANTS. | I Madison Iron Works, Madison, N. J. f ^ldlinilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllNIIINIIIIIII)llllNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII)lllllllll)llllllllllllllllim MOONS 450 acres In Trees and Shrubs — over 2.200 kinds to choose from. These are grown wide apart, and In consequence develop Into sturdy, well formed specimens so much desired for estate, street, and park use. Send for catalog, THE WM. H. MOON CO., Morrisville, Pa. Philadelphia Office: 8. 12th St. HILL'S EVERGREENS Send for Frlce-list, Uention this maguine* D. HILL NURSERY CO. LargeTt^GrwerHir'Amirica, Box 305 DtindCe. 111. siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iisiiiiiiii!iiiiiiiiiiiiiii)iiiiiiiiiniiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiinuuniuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin RHODODENDRON CaroliziinMum New American Species Clear Pink. Absolutely Hardy 3 Send (or prices and full deacriptioo, and Calalogs ^ of the only large collection of Hardy Nalive Plants I Highlands Nursery (.HARLAN P. KELSEY. Owner I Boxford Nursery J Solem - - Mass. liiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHJiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinniiJiin^^^^^ Can I grow orchids so as to have a few in bloom each month of the year in a small house 20 by 12 feet, in which I can only maintain a temperature of 55 in winter? — C. A. L. Orchids can be easily grown in a house such as C. A. L. describes. In Cattleyas, Percivaliana blooms in Jan- uary and February, Schroederae in March, Mossiae in April and May, Dowiana and gigas June to August, labiata September to Christmas, and then Trianae fol- lows. Also Oncidium varicosum, Laelia anceps, Mil- tonia Vexilaria, Dendrobium nobile, formusum, and many others which any good orchid dealer can advise on and supply. — M. I GLADIOLUS BULBS The Service Bureau National Association of Gardeners Is maintained for the purpose of providing opportunities for efficient and ambitious men engaged in the profession of gardening. ■This department of the Association is at the disposal of those who may require the services of capable superintendents, gardeners or assistant gardeners. Address M. C. EBEL, Sec'y, National Association of Gardeners, Madison, K. J. £iiiimiiiiiii;iiii;iiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiuiiiimiiiiuiiRiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiimiiiiiim^ "Buy direct from the Introducers." Our 1 Spt'cial Illustrated List of 1914 Novelties | p and Standard Sorts describes Hyde Park (an early Shakespeare): Sun- = = beajn (new Prlmulinus typ^) ; Schwaben (the Giant Yellow) ; Chicag'o 1 i White {very early). Iris (the only lavender), and our noted introduc- ^ = tlons. Princeps, Margaret, Mrs. Francis King and Jessie. The bulba s H harv^'sted on our Michigan farms are plump and healthy. VATJGHAN'S s f SEED STORE, 31-33 W. Randolph St., Chicago, uid 43 Barclay St., § s New York. Call on us. s ^iinimitttiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiNiiiniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiNNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiK Plants ifA Trees frim fl^rida For Southern planting outdoors and for house decorations in the North WE have made a special study of this matter for 30 years and have achieved a success in ^owin( beautiful plants and in deliTering them in TBADB MAItK ^'^^ beautiful condition to the most dis- tant purchasers. It takes special care and preparation to properljr pack delicate palms, ferns, etc., to stand a trip of thousands of miles, but we do it — not just once in a while, but a good many times every workday. We issue a large catalog covering all our stock, having 17 specif Departments, and send it free. WE HAVE THE STOCK in immense variety, from all over the tropics, and aro constantly adding to our variety. R«7al-PalM Norscriet REASOWEl litOS., ProrMan 0»eco, Florida THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 25 NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS National Association of Gardeners. M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N. J. Society of American Florists and Orna- mental Horticulturists. John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street, New York. American Carnation Society. A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind. American Gladiolus Society. L. Merton Gage, secretary. South Natick, Mass. American Peony Society. A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y. American Rose Society. B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y. American Sweet Pea Society. H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th street. New York. Chrysanthemum Society of America. Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan Park, 111. LOCAL SOCIETIES Bernardsville Horticultural Society. W. G. Carter, secretary, Bernardsville, N. J. Meets first Tliursday every month, Hor- ticultural Hall, Bernardsville, N. J. Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club. William N. Craig, secretary, BrookliDe, Mass. Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti- cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m. Connecticut Horticultural Society. .\lfred Dixon, secretary, Wethersfield, Conn. Meets second and fourf^h Fridays every month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8 p. ra. Dutchess County Horticultural Society. Herbert 0. Cuttan. sccniaiv. Wappiuger Falls. Meets at Poushkeepsie, N. Y.. second Wednesday every month e.xcept May and June. Elberon Horticultural Society. George Alassoii, sericl:iry, Oakluirst. N. J. Meets first Monday every month, Fire Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m. Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke and Northampton, Mass. James Whiting, secretary, Amlierst, Mass. Meets second Tuesday every month. The Garden Club of Michigan. Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey- burn avenue, Detroit, Mich. The corresponding secretary will notify members of date and place of meetings. Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore. N. F. Flittin, secretary, Paterson Park. Baltimore, Md. Meets second and fourth Monday every month, Florist Exchange Hall. The Horticultural Society of New York. Geo. V. Nash, secretary. Bronx Park, New York City. Meets monthly, irregular. May to Octo Iier, New York Botanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York. November to April, American Museum of Natural History, 77th street and Columbus avenue, New York. Lake Geneva Gardeners' aud Foremen's Association. W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis. Meets first and third Saturday every month, October to April; first Saturday every month. May to September, Horticul- tural Hall. Lenox Horticultural Society. (i. II. Instone, serretarj', Lenox, Mass. Meets first Saturday every month. Los Angeles County Horticultural Society. Henry W. Kruckeherg, secretary. Meets first Tuesday every month. Massachusetts Horticultural Society. William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu- setts avenue, Boston, Mass. Monmouth County Horticultural Society. Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J. Meets fourth Friday every month, Mon- motilli Boat Qub, Red Bank, N. J. Montreal Gardeners' and Florists' Club. \V. II. llorobin, secretary, 283 Marquette street. Meets first Monday every month, Mon- treal Florists Exchange. Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Society. Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown, N. J. Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes- day every month, except July and August, 8 p. m. Nassau County Horticultural Society. Ernest Westlake, secretary, Glen Cove, N. Y. Meets second Wednesday every month, Pembroke Ilall, Glen Cove, N. Y., G p. ni. New Bedford Horticultural Society. •Icreniiah M. Taber, secretary. Meets first Monday every month. New Jersey Floricultural Society. rioo. W. strange, secretary, 216 Main street. Orange, N. J. Meets first Monday every month, Jr. O. W. A. M. Hall, Orange, N. J., 8 p. m. New London Horticultural Society. John Humphrey, secretary. New London, Conn. Meets second Thursday every month, 3.S Main street, New London, Conn. Newport Horticultural Society. Win. (liay, secretary, Newport. I!. I. Meets second and fourth Tuesday every month. New York Florist Club. John Young, secretary, 54 W. 2Sth street, New York. ^£Cets second Monday every month. Grand Opera TToiisc. North Shore Horticultural Society. ,Ias. .Slater, secretary, Manchester, Mass. Meets first and third Fridays every month. North Shore Horticultural Society. E. Bollinger, secretary, Lake Forest. 111. Meets first Friday every month. City Ilall. North Westchester County Horticultural and Agricultural Society. M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco. N. Y. Meets third Thursday every month, ex- cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.; December, January and February, 3 p. m., Odd Fellows Hall.'Mt. Kisco. Oyster Bay Horticultural Society. Prc'd Kirkbani. secretary. Glen Head. N. Y. Hfeets fourth Friday every month. Board of Trade, Oyster Bayi N. Y.', 8 p. m. Pacific Coast Horticultural Society. W. A. HofinghofT, secretary, 711 Westbank Bldg. Meets first Saturday every month. Red- men's Bldg. Pasadena Horticultural Society. Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford street, Pasadena, Cal. Meets first and fourth Friday every month. • Paterson Floricultural Society. Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh avenue, Paterson, N. J. Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro- maine Building, 8 p. m. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti- cultural Hall, 8 p. m. People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa- tion. John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street, Paterson, N. J. Meets first and last Friday every month. Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue, Paterson, N. J. Philadelphia Florists' Club. David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Meets first Tuesday every month. Horti- cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m. The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners' Club. H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa. Meets first Thursday every month. Fort Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa. Rhode Island Horticultural Society. A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue. Providence, R. I. Meets third Wednesday every month, Providence Public Library, 8 p. m. Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul- tural Society. Fred Kirkham, secretary. Shelter Island, N. Y. Meets first and third Thursdays every month. Southampton Horticultural Society. William McLeod, secretary. Meets first Thursday every month, Me- luorial Hall, Southampton, N. Y. Tarrytown Horticultural Society. E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y. Meets last Tuesday every month, except December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown, N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last Thursday in December. Tuxedo Horticultural Society. Thomas Wilson, secretary. Tuxedo Park. N. Y. Meets first Wednesday every month. Par- ish House, Tuxedo Park. Washington, D. C, Florist Club. L. Mayberry, secretary, Washington D. C. Meets first Monday every month. Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society. J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn Meets second Friday every month. Dor- an's Hall, Greenwich, Conn., 8 p. m. Yonkers Horticultural Society. Thos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkers, N. Y. Meets first Friday every month, Holly- wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m. 26 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. GARDENERS DIARY American Institute, New Yoik. I);ililia sliiiw. Se[iti'niln'i- 2J--24. t hrysantlieiiium show. Xoveiiilier 4-(i. ' American Paeony Society. Annual I'aeony shdw. .Vnierifiin Art Institute, Cliieago, 111., .lane 12-13. American Sweet Pea Society. Sweet Pea Show, Anierii'an JIuscum of Natural His- tory, June 27 and 28. Elberon Horticultural Society. Chry- santhemum show, Asbury Park, N. J., No- vember 3, 4, 5. Lancaster County Florists' Club, Lancas- ter. Pa. Kail show, Novemlicr 5-7. Lenox Horticultural Society, Lenox, Mass. Summer Show, July 22 and 23. Fall Show, October 22 and 23. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, Hor- ticultural Hall, Boston, JIass. Itljododen- dron show, June ()-7. Peony show. June 13- 14. Rose siiow. June 20-21. Sweet pea show, July 11-12. (iladiolus show, August 8-9. Dahlia show. September 12-13. Fruit and vegetable show, October 3-4. Chrysanthe- nnim show. Noxembcr .5-8. Monmouth County Horticultural Society. Fall Show. Red Bank, N. J., October 28 and 29. Morris County Gardeners' and Florists' Club. Fall show. Madison, N. J., October 2S, 29. Nassau County Horticultural Society, (Uen Cove. N. Y. Rose show, .luiu; 9. Dahlia show, October 0. Chrysanthemum show. O.-tober 29, 30. New Jersey Floricultural Society. Sweet I'ea Show. Orange, X. .)., .Inly -. Dahlia and liuit show, Oeteaker, Avhom we shall always be pleased to ha\e Avith us, A larce and very fine dis])lay was on the exhibition tables, 'a feature of whirh was the magnificent display of sweet pecs of the S])encer type, shown' by Adam I'ltterson and 'I'liomas Ryan. We doubt whether finer llowers or longer or heavier stems could be foiuid anywhere. T.cdh exhibitors were :i\\ardi'd a W(dl niiTiled cnltiiial en f ilicatc. James Stuart was also awarded a C. C. for a sldendid pair of Calceolaria plants, as was Wm. Graham for a magnificent vase of Mrs. Russell roses. The judges also made the following awards to the other exhibitors: A. Kirk]iatrick, Cattleya Schroderae, highly commended; Wm. Graham, highly com- mended for vase of Antirrhinum; the same to .bdui Conro.y for a fine vase of assorted colors of Antirrhinum, and a vote of thanks to the foUoAving: A. Whitelaw, for a collection of Tulips; ■las. Linane, for Calceolarias and Glo.xinias; W. II. Watermoueki, vase of Carnations •Rroidclyn": P. W. Popp. for Laelia pnr- jiurata; Thos. Ryan, for vase of Gladiolus; Mr. Mc.Mlister. for Trilliiuns and hardy shiubs; Paul Dwenger, for cut blooms night blooming Cereus. A feature of the next meeting, to be held .I'nne 12. will be the competition of the gardeners' assistants for center pieces, com- posed of outdoor fiow-ers and foliage. The Michidl silver and bronze medals will be awarded to the winners of first and second honors. An interesting display is antici- pated. Don't forget the dates of the Sum- mer Show, June 19 and 20, at Portehester, N. Y. An attractive schedule will be is- sued shortlv. P. W. POPP. NEW BEDFORD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The ii'gular monthly nu'eting of the New iiedford Hi>rticidtural Society was Indd in Libiary Hall Monday evening, April fi. President Roy presiding. An luuisually large number was present, the amateur por- tion of the society being well represented. B. Hammond Tracy, of Wenham. was the drawing canl. and his description of vaiie- ties. and word pictures of the possibilities l^H E An D orraWay of handling Evergreens is to transplant, transplant, again and yet a.a^ain. This insures success, and .Andorra's Evergreens can be bad in sizes that immediately complete the picture. See .Andorra the last week of May, when our collection of thirty thousand Rhododendrons is in bloom — a most gorgeous mass of color. See .Andorra! A ,s>reat gal- lery of planted lucturcs. If you cannot, write us; we are ready tn counsel and suggest. ANDORRA NURSERIES Wm. Warner Harper. Proprietor Box O. Chestnut Hill. Philadelphia, Pa. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 27 of tlio gliiili.'lii Inr li.n.ii'ii rIVi'i'ts, Ikhim' ilcfonitioiis cir linll cxliiliil miis i-ic;ili'il m livi'ly iiitiTcst ill tliis woiiclcil'iiUy uscrul lluwcr. which no (hjubt will iiii-ioasi' tho I'X- hiliit of this llowci- at inir lull show. A lively discussion followed coiiceniiiig the relative value of stable iiiaiuiie and the various coniiiiercial fertilizers in the cul- ture of <;ladi(dii. \V. F. TURNEl!. NEW JERSEY FLORICULTURAL SOCIETY. The regular monthly meeting of the New Jersey Floricultural Society was held on Monday evening:. May I. IIH I, in the ,Ir. 0. U. A. M. Hall. Alain and Park streets. Orange, N. J. President Edwin Thomas in the chair and eighteen members present. The society decided to hold a rose night on Monday, June 1, and an exliibition of sweet peas on Aronday, June 6. Schedules are being drawn up for the ninth annual dahlia, gladiolus and vege- table show, to be held October -5. 11II4. Schedules may be had from the secretary 1111 application any time after .I'vine 1, 1914. 1 ;!•:(). W. STRANGE. CONNECTICUT HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The regular niectiiig of tlie society W'as held in the County liuilding. Hartford, on the evening of May S, witli President John F. Huss in the chair. The pan.sy was on oiir ])rograiiiiiic (or (liis meeting, and .John ('. W'illanl. of WethcisMi'Icl. one of our ama- teur members, exhibited about 2I)U lilossoms from some twenty varieties. Mr. Louis Cliauvy also exhibited a similar number of blooms and varieties. Our president made an excellent exliibit of hardy shrubs: Mag- nolia Stellata. ilagnolia C'onspiqua. Fors- tliia Viridisima. Derca Palnstris. Amelan- chia. Arabis Albida. Arabis Alpina Com- pacta. Arabis Rosea. Arabis Alpina flora plena, Primula Cashmeriana ; also Viola Cornuta Papileo, Viola Cornuta Gracilis, Viola Cornuta Alba, and Viola Cornuta Lutea. One exhibit of pansies was artistic- ally arranged on white blotters, and the other on yellow paper, the combination hav- ing a charming effect, John Gerard, an old pansy expert; Niel Nelson and George 1!. iiaker were aiijiointcd by the chair to judge the exhibits, and each exhibit was awarded a lirst-elass certilicate, Jlr. Chauvy also displayed a plate of veiy tine mushrooms. President Huss gave an instructive and in- teresting talk on his exhibit of shrubs and pansies, followed by Mr. Gerard, wdio dilated on the beauty of the pansy and elucidated on the art of judging this marvelously col- ored gem of flowers. The secretary read an article in the (jAiiDKNKH.s" Chronicle of America, entitled : "Recent Progress in Hardy Garden Roses, by Artluir Herring- ton." The meeting was well attended and thoroughly enjoyed by all. The annual Dahlia Show will be held on September 2.3 and 24. this year, a little later than usual: but we hope to make it the best ever. ALFRED DIXON. Secretary. Wetherslicdcl, Conn,, May 11, 1014. ELBERON (N, J,) HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, The Klberon Horticultural Society held its regular monthly meeting on .May 1. There was a lai'ge atteiulance, and two iic« members wi^re (dected, A eulluial n'ltili rate was auardcd to (liarle^ Hum lui an e\cellcii( \ase ol Kadiaiicc i;o>es. AU.i a iiiltiiial certilicate to George Alassou tor a iieauiilul vase of Antirrtiimiii liuxlon's I'liik, .\t the next regular meeting on .luiic i, \\ illiani A, Sperling, of the tivm of Stumpp & \\ alter Company, has promised to give an address on tulips. The sched- ule of the Fall show to be lield in Asbury Park, November S-4-5, can be had on a[i plication to the secretary. VVILJ^IAM I3UVAN. THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. The monthly meeting of this society was hehl in the Museum building of the New Vork Potanical Gardi^n, Uronx Park, in c:o operation with the Garden, on May 'J and 10. The exhibition was a small one, there ludng ten classes, eight of which were for cut llowers, and two for plants; the latter for iion-c-ominercial growers, and callcil fni six pots of Pelargoniums and si.x pcjfs ol t alccidarias. In each one the only e.xhibitor was .James Stuart, gardener to .Mrs. F. A, Constable, Mamaroneck, N, Y,, who was awarded tlrst prize in each case. His Cal- (c'olarias were exceedingly handsome, being (piite i feet in diameter, and models of skillful cultivation. The same must be said regarding the regal and fancy Pelargimi- iinis; these two exhibits formed a central attraction of the sho\v. .loseph A. Manda was the only exhibitor of orchids; and William Tricker, of .Ailing- ton, N. J., staged a vase of hybrid Nym- plia; as of the Mrs. AA'oodrow Wilson |ier- [letual Howering type. James Stuart also had an exliibit of a new Viola, which is thought highly of for summer blooming. A non-competitive ex- hibit of .Sweet Peas of very great merit came ffoni Aliss E. A'. Cockroft (gardener, .Adam Patterson), Saugatuck, Conn. There were also a few exhibits from private sources comprising spring flowering orna- mental shrubs and a very notable collection of alpine plants from a private garden al Tuxedo. THE AMERICAN PEONY SHOW. l!e]ii'escntatives of the America n Peony Society. Ibnticultural Socii^ty. of ( hicago, and tlie (liicago Florists' Club, held a luei't- ing at the. Hotel Sherman, Chicago, May 14, to complete arrangements for the great annual exliibition of the American Peony Soi-iety, which will be held iiv Chicago this year under the auspices of the above or ganizatious. Those in attendance included: William .\. Peterson, of the Peterson Nursery; ( arl Cropp. of A'aiighan's Seed Store; Arnold Hingier. of the W. W. Barn- ard Compaiiv'; Thomas Wallis and M. Par- ker. The Art Institute was selected for Hie exhibition, which will be held .Iiiiie 12 Pi, this date being subject to change as weather conditions affect the local crop of Iieony flowers, making it earlier or later, Alany experts will show their choicest nov- elties and standard sorts in their best form at the coming exhibition, which from all ailvanco information obtainable will be the hii-'jcst and most complete of its kinil c\ei held in this or any other country. The most successful growers of peonies will tell about their methods in meetings to he lield in connection with the exhibition, C. W, .lohnson, 222(! I''airf;i\ a\i>iiiie, Mortjiin Park, HI., was ii|ipoiiited manager iif the cxliiliit ion, and all in(|iiii'ics referring SPRAYING for GROUND CROPS Use the- (mc best, Vrceland's "ELECTRO"ARSENATE of LEAD POWDER (not powderedl Mixes easier, sticks better, kills quicker, and lias highest quality and efliciency. Always the same. Full directions on every package. Used wet or dry. Will not injure the most delicate foliage. Also spray with Vreeland's "Electro" Bordo-Lead Mixture A sure and safe killer for bugs, and early and late blight. Always ready for use. No grit or lumps. Highest amount of active copper. Pro- motes vine health and stimulates growth. A combination of "Electio" Arsenate of Lead and Bordeaux mixture. Write today for Manual of SucceBsfn! Potato Onltttre. B. G. PRATT CO., 50 Church St,, NEW YORK Mfra of SCALECIDE and Bole dlatrlbutore lor the world of Vreel.-vnd's "Electro" Spray Chemicals, to premium list, prizes, etc., should lie ad- dressed to him, Al, BARKER, Secretary Pro Tcni. TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, The ii-,iial iiioiitlily iiicct iiig of tlie Tuxedo llorticiiUiiral Society was held in the Par- ish House on May l.'i. President David Mc- intosh in flic cliair. The Executive Coni- niittee repoitcd the schedule for the Fall Show ill progress, and that special prizes had been offered from the following firms: Messrs, C, H. Totty. lion Arbor Cliemic:il Co.. Scott Brothers, Wm. F. McCord & Co., Weeber & Don. Burnett Brothers. Alphano Humus Co., A, X, Pierson, luc, J, M, Thin- burn Co., John Wilk, Julius Roehrs Co., and Henry Dreer. We exjiect to have the pre- liminary schedule out by the middle of June. We had as our guest Mr. Wm. Tricker. Arlington, N, J., who entertained us to a very interesting talk on the culture of water lilies. Two new members were elected to niemberslii[i, Mr. AVm. Muir and Henry Gibson. The society held its ladies' evening on April 16, when there were present over one hundred gardeners and their wives and friends. They had a very nice entertain- ment. Al. Raker, ventriloquist. Thomas Dobson, humorist, and George Leonard, pianist, from New A'ork, kept the company well entertained with their funny stories, S. H. Chaplin sang a solo which was well received. The society's annual ball will be held in Tuxedo Town Hall on AA'ednesday, May 27. THOS, AATLSON, Sccretarv. E. A. LIPPMAN c»ous'e SHADING Morristown, N. J. experifnoe In Green- No. 6 High Street, At'^TER iiouiy .v.-urs' boiisp w(prU. with l-ord & Burnham Com- jiany. in tin.- glazine: and painting depart- ment, I am convinced tliat what is most needed in this line is a good shading, and I am pleased to advise ynn that I hav<- llu- rad thlniL,'. which I am sure you will And to he Just what you are looking for. This shading is bem-ficial to the painted wood, jis it dues ufit contain any gasoline or naphtha wliich would destroy the paint. lu addition. It is lienciicial to the glass also, for you will find that when tin- shadiii;^ is removed the glass re- tains its former lnillijiney. As tu its ai»i)Iicatinii. this is a very easy matter. It can he either sprayed on or put on with a soft brush. For real good work, however, 1 would recommend the use of a soft brush. Another advantage of tliis shading is that when it is no longer needed, it can be ri'moved without any difficulty. U-aving the glass, as before stated, with its original brilliancy. I am making this u]) in gallon cans, in three shades — light green, light blue and pure white. When ordering, kindly mention the color desired. 1 trust that you will kindly favor me with a Irinl ordi-r to prov its worth, aftei- which I have no doubt wiiatevcr but that you will continue Its use. Mention the Gardeners' Chronicle When you write. 28 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. BON ARBOR Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912 Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng. BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures above the ground to the finest perfection. We can prove it. Bon Arbor No. 1 ii put up as follows; Package making 15 gallons, by mall... Package making 30 gallons, by mail... 5 lb. package making 150 gallons, exp. extra 25 lb. package making 750 gallons. exp. extra 60 lb. package making 1,500 gallons, exp. extra 12.50 100 lb, package making 3,000 gallons, exp. extra 20.00 Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs., 18e, per lb. RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms instantly from your Tennis Courts, Golf Greens, Flower Pots, etc. 2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon. lyi gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet. ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb. 6Sc.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb. BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO. Paterson, N. J., U. S. A. Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1912 edition. We manufac- ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides, Weed Killer and all agricultural chemicals. Special prices on large quantities. MR. GARDENER: Let That Tree Die, and You Will Never See It Replaced YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to attain those stately proportions. YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die. YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in- sects and fungi. YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and how difficult to reach is that dead wood. YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected cavities — neglected decaying stumps, neglected wounds, neglected borer holes are the causes. Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious. CALL US IN WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI- ENCE, the MEN, the TOOLS. JOHN T. WITHERS Inc. Landscape Architect and Forester 1 Montgomery St. Jersey City, N. J. tNNINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIui'iri.ililNIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ D OSES, Ampelopsis Veitchii, Clematis, Japanese Maples. Boxwood, all in pots and ready to ship. Specimen Evergreens 6 to 8 ft. high with large Ball and Burlapped. 1 5 Cars nursery grown Maximum Rhododendrons for immediate shipment. Write for Prices International Nurseries, Inc. 1905 West Farms Road, New York City PHOKE 4028 TREMONT. ^IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUUIIIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIII^ THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 29 By an Unusual Arrangement with the Publishers We Offer to Our Readers on Special Easy Terms BAILEY'S NEW Everything Newly Written Up To Date Beautifully Illustrated Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture THE new Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture has been freshly written in the light of the most recent research and experience. It is not merely an ordinary revision or corrected edition of the old Cyclo- pedia, but it is a new work from start to finish with enlarged boundaries geographically and practic- ally; it supersedes and displaces all previous editions or reprints of every kind whatsoever. It is the fullest, the newest, the most authoritative of all works of its kind and constitutes the most conscientious attempt that has ever been made to compress the whole story of our horticultural thought, learning and achievement into one set of books. The owner of the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture will have at hand in this work a means of quickly satisfying his need for authoritative in- formation. It is both an Encyclopedia and a Manual, for with the aid of its Synopsis and Key, amateur and professional alike may quickly identify any plant, shrub or fruit contained within the set, and then receive expert instructions for its cultivation. Write for 16 Page Prospectus Containing Complete Descrip- tion and our offer : : : : To Subscription Department, GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA, Madison, N. J. i i i MRS. FRENCH VANDERBILT'S HOUSES AT NEWPORT IN 1911 wt erected the house directly opposite the work-room entrance. Last Spring the wing house at the right was added, making an L-sliapcd layout as attractive as it is practical. The gardener, Daniel Hay, says that the wall vent give ample ventilation for his purposes. There are some gardeners, however, who want direct side ventilation but hesitate in demanding it because it detracts from the look of a curved eave house. If you are such a one, forget it. as we have solved the side ventilation problem most satisfactorily. If you are thinking of building, it's a thing you ought to know. \\'e will include with the answer to your letter, one of our catalogs. ((Hi i i NEW YORK U'O Broadway HitcKingfs^ G)nipa£r PHILADELPHIA 40 S. 15th St. BOSTON, 49 Federal St. FACTOKY, Elizabeth, New Jersey. §) m 30 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. ^iiii mil iiiiiiiiinmiiiniiiiim i iiiiiiniiiiiiiidiiiiii i iiiiiiininnm iiiiiii \ ill iiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiig I MONTBRETIAS I HARDY Autumn-flowering bulbous | g plants that are becoming more | j popular ever}- year. One of the best | I flowers for Fall cutting. They should | j be planted in groups and left undis- | j turbed. j I Bouquet Parfait — Vermilion with yellow | I center. | I Crocosmaeflora — Large, bright orange, tinted | i scarlet. | 1 Drap d'Or — Orange yellow. | 1 Eldorado — Dark yellow. | I Etoile de Feu — Bright vermilion and scarlet. | I Large flowers. | I Gerbe d'Or — Golden yellow. | I Pottsii — Orange and scarlet. Free flowering. | I Rayon d'Or — Ochre yellow and brown. | I Price $1.50 per 100 $12.00 per 1000 = I W. E. MARSHALL & CO. | I SEEDS BULBS PLANTS | I 166 West 23d Street, New York | iiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiinii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiiiiiinniiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiimimniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii? ^iiiiilllllliniiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiii niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinjiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiilitiiiiiiiiiint| I BOBBINK & ATKINS = I WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY | I AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS j I SPRING planting! 1 In our :J00 Acres of biglily cultivated Nursery Land we are growing § ^ Nursery Products for everyboily and suitable for all parts of the coun- ^ = try. We shall be i:^a(\ to have intending' purchasers visit our Nursery i = and inspect the quality uf stoclj we grow, or submit their lists of = = wants for prices. = I THE FOLLOWING PLANTS FOR OUTDOOR PLANTING. INTERIOR | I AND EXTERIOR DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OUR SPECIALTIES. | RC^SES. We have R'^se I'lants in [tots for immediate shipment. HARDY OLD - FASHIONED FLOWERS, PEONIES and IRIS. Several acrt'S of our Nursery aie exclusively devoted to thfir cul- ture. HEDGE PLANTS. We grow a large quantity of California Privet. Berberis and other Hedge Plants. EVERGREENS, CONIFERS and PINES. Many acres of our Nur- sery are planted with them. All are balled and burlapped and have ft splendid root system. TRAINED, DWARF and OR- DINARY FRUIT TREES and SMALL FRUITS, We grow thesf for Fruit Gardens and Orchards. BEDDING PLANTS. We are gruwing a complete collection in large quantities. Submit list for quotation. RHODODENRONS. KALMIAS and other Large Leaved Ever- greens. We are growing in large quantitie.s. BOXWOOD. We grow thou- sands of plants in many shapes and sizes. BAYTREES. PALMS and other pbuit.* for conservatories. In- terior and Exterior decorations. HARDY TRAILING and CLIMBING VINES. We grow them for every place and purpose. PLANT TUBS, WINDOW BOXES. ENGLISH GARDEN FURNITURE an d RUSTIC WORK. We manufacture all sliupes and sizes. I OUR WONDERFUL NEW HYBRID GIANT FLOWERING MARSH- | = JtALLOW. Everybody should be interested in this new, old-fashioned ^ I rtowtr. It is perfectly iLardy and will grow everywhere. = I OUR NEW ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG No. 45 describes | = our products; inailrd upon request. = I NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS AND PLANTERS | I RUTHERFORD, N. J. | liiiiiuiiiiniiiiMiiiiiwiminiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiuiiniiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniimiiiniiuiiiiiii^ Boddmgton's Quality Sweet Peas For the forthcoming 1914 Summer Exhibition of the American Sw^eet Pea Society, to be held in the American Museum of Natural His- tory, New^ York City, June 27th and 28th, vv^e take pleasure in again offering our Challenge Silver Cup Value, $50 For a Collection of Sweet Peas, 25 varieties, not less than 25 stems to a vase, to be shown w^ith Sw^eet Pea Foliage only. To be w^on tw^ice by the same exhibitor. We will also award to the winner of this cup (each time w^on) a cash prize of $25; $15 second, and $10 third prize. If collections are w^anted for ex- hibition purposes, w^e shall be glad to make suggestions. Arthur T. Boddington Seedsman 342 West 14th Street, New York City THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. Gardeners All Over the World Use APHINE, fur spraying against all sap-suck- ing insects, such as aphis, red spider, thrips, mealy bug and si)ft scale; and for cleansing palms and decorative stock generally. NIKOTIANA, fur fumigating, a nicotine so- lution which does not fill the house with smoke as does tobacco paper or dust. It is vaporized in pans over small lamps, or by painting the steam pipes. FUNGINE, to control mildew, rust or bench rot in the greenhou.se, a spraying material ; an infallible remedy. It does not stain foliage as Hiirdeaux ar I.uoks are deceiving The U-Har house costs more bee house both inside and out. The thing for you to decide is — do you want the original genuine curved eave house — ^tlie house built with complete galvanized steel frame of l)-Bar. Send for catalog. Or send for us. Or both. U-BAR GREENHOUSES P1ER50N U-BAR CO OhfE MADISON AVE. NtWYORK CANADIAN OFFICE lO PHILUFS PLACt MONIRiAl THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. Herp s a griss test. Aipnano Hrimns was spread on the terraced part, and the customary barnyard manure on the rest. The Alphano bein^ in powrtpred form, was raked in. The manure being characteristically lumpy and full of litter, evenfally had to be raked otF, carrying along much of its worth. Three days before this photograph was taken, all the grass was cut. The very marked contrast in the height and evident depth of color of the grass between the two portions, tells its own story of the real worth of Alphano Humus. Reasons for Our Slow Deliveries on Early Spring Orders of ALPHANO HUMUS A Frank Statement LlvT us lell you exactly what llie uncontrollaljle conditions were, under which we have been laljoring; and then we will leave it entirely to your sense of fairness if we haven't done all possi- ble, under the circuinslances. For ten years our salesmen, personally, have been selling large quantities of this Alphano. but last season w-as" practically our first direct advertising of it. The way the responses came and orders fol- lowed, it was abundantly evident that we had a Plant Food and Soil Builder that was welcomed and wanted. We sold bags. tons, carloads, and barge loads of it. as never before. Last Winter we figured that this season, a large number of these satisfied customers would come back for i.-.ore. and that also many of their friends learning of the results secured by usiiig .\lphano on lawns, shrubs, trees, and gardening in general, would likewise become customers: so based on this we spent many thousands of dollars increas- ing our facilities so that deliveries could be made promptly. As sanguine as we were we frankly admit having under-estimated the amount of the orders that developed. To add to our embarrassment, the late snows and cold weather made people think Spring was never coming, and so they put ofif ordering three to four weeks later than usual. Then when the first warm days did come, in came the rush orders. As a result we but naturally became way behind on shipments. In the face of all this we received some pretty stiflf letters and rather dynamic phone calls demanding explanations. To show our absolute good faith, we voluntarily returned a .good many didlars to those who not knowing $12 a ten in bags— $8 by the carload in bulk. F. O. B. Alphano. N. J. what we were struggling against, felt we were negli- gent. Today. June 1st. our reports show that we have caught up on deliveries and although the plant is working full tilt, and overtime, our shipments from now- will be prompt. Those of you who wanteil the .\lphano for gar- dening, and it came too late to spade directly in the soil, will find it works wonders when dug around the plants after they are up two or three inches. .•\s for shruljs, now is as good a time as any to use it. When it comes to lawns, any time is a good time. Put it on now and it will prevent the soil from baking, and the grass from burning this Sum- mer. It will induce a strong growth of fine, fibrous, dry weather-resisting roots. The Alphano absorb- ing and holding as it does such large quantities of moisture, further fortifies the grass against the com- ing hot sun and the drying winds. Being in pow- dered form the .-Mphano is easy to apply. Being odorless it's at all times free from objection. To apply now, cut the grass, spread on the Alphano. rake it in, and in two weeks' time you will be sur- prised at the results. Our records show that during each month of June, July, August and September of last year, we sold more Alphano Humus for lawns than during any one of the Spring months. Let us know about how large your lawn is and we will advise how much you better order. if you have your .\lphano. use it at once. If you haven't any left for your lawns, shrubs, and garden — order some. If you have never had any. and are interested, but still unconvinced of its merits, send for our book of CONVINCEMENT, It tells what it will do for you, by telling and showing what it has done for others. ALPHANO HUMUS CO 17G BATTERY PLACE, NEW YORK CITY o<^ • NC^ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. C(tJ) i^ i 55 'idllK riNGIK B 1 ON iHF^SI'OI' Hilchin&s — ' Gunpany m M m 1^ FOUR SHARP GIMLETS, HOW TO GET THEM A t-iinlet. as everybody knows, is a siip.i-[» pointp'l t'>nl to borp linlps in wood. I'Hcts :iv<- ^'iuiU'ts that flll untruths full of holes. We have minV' loiir pitrticularly sharp u'imh-ts for boring ri^iht into the untnitlis ot jiriM nhons.' cnnstrm-tinn and estimates. They are in tltt I'rinii of fnnr pithily. pointeil pieci s of printed niatti-v mne is a honkleti. This prinleil iiiatti r lias alr-aiiy i-rcn niaileil to .^evcral tiiMiisaml wliosc nanus are im -V Cut this off lure, mail it to u.s ami alnnv will eonie tln' f L'lnik'ts, How about you — did you jiet eai-h (uu- of th<- copies'; II yon didit"!. then sijin thi- covipon bi-l"\v; tear it off and mail to us and wi- will si-r that y- will havr a sharp point so yon can put it To wmi; at •■m-^ . Hiictvitvsfs ^ (loiivpair Wi M WELL, roughly, we should say anywhere from — but hold on — do j'ou want a price on just the greenhouse alone; or with the masonry included? Are we to build the workroom or will you? Do you want our regu- lar cast iron benches or those with slate sides and tile bottoms? Do you want continuous side SALES OFFICES. New York Boston 42nd St. BIdg. Ciiitago Rock.;ry Bids. Philadelphia Franklin Bank Bld^. Tremont Bld^'. Rochester Gianile Bldg. Cleveland Swutland Bldg, ord^G^^tirnham^. Torcnto — 12 Queen Street. East. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 35 XHORBURN sales- men are on the road now booking orders on Bulbs for Fall delivery. You will receive a postal from us a day or so before one calls. If you have changed your address recently, please drop us a postal. J. M. Thorhurn & Co. .53 Barclay St., New York Pot-Grown Strawberry Plants New and Standard Varieties Any Quantity Prices Right READY NOW Send your order to-day W. F. McCORD COMPANY Nurserymen and Seedsmen TARRYTOWN, N. Y. |iiiiiiHiiiiiiii:iiiiiiiiiiillllllliiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiiiiiiiilliillliiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiii,iui,iiiiiiiiiiililiiiiiiiiii,iiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiillllllliiiiiii^^ I Before Placing Your Orders | I for ROSE BUSHES, EVERGREENS, | I RHODODENDRONS, AZALEAS, 1 1 ETC., pay us a visit and let us figure | 1 with you on your wants. We carry a | j complete line of all kinds of nursery | I stock. I I Our Seed Department | I is fully equipped to quote you on the | I highest grade tested seeds. If you want | i the best, we supply it. j I let IIS send you a topy of our 1914 catalogue. 1 j The Mac Niff Horticultural Co. " n^^^^'y 'rT' I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiii I iiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiri CHAS. H. TOTTY CHRYSANTHEMUMS ROSES CARNATIONS Madi ison New Jersey |iiiiiiiiliiiliiiilliiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiniuiii iiiiiiiiiiittiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiii uiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiniiiiir^ Pot Grown Stra\vberry Plants We can supply all leading ami ik-w varieties tor immediate or later shipment in tine conditions. I W. E. Marshall ^ Co. | j S[£EDS— PLANTS-BULBS i I 166 West 23rd St. New York I lfiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiriiiiiiiiiiii>iiiiiiiiiiiiiiui«iiiiiiiiiiiiiuiwniiiiiiiiiiiiii]iiii:iiii[!i{iiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitniniiii 36- THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. Gladiolus for Forcing AMERICA AND PRINCEPS An exceptional offer of well ripened extra large high crown bulbs, 7 inches and over in cir- cumference. America, 50c. doz.; $3.50 per 100 Princeps, 75c. doz.; $5.00 per 100 WEEBER and DON Seed Merchants and Growers 1 14 Chambers Street NEW YORK Potted Plants for Immediate Effects For the seashore home, or the previously overlooked spot where immediate re- sults are desirable, try these sturdy plants: Japanese Kudzu, the most rapid jjrowing Tt'iJiiial vin^■. '"A f-mt a ilay." E'or porch or ■r;:.'<>lit. f ilia ran tiTil true to name. Wichuraiana Roses t the runner with the k1os^\ , ^'leeii foliajte and fragrant flowers in all colt.l-s. The French Gold Flower (Hypericum Moserl- :inutii I— see illustration. A flower of great heauty ; rich. gulden-yeUow flowers in profusion until September. Send for list of potgrown plants. Thomas Meehan & Sons Box 65 Germantown, Phila. GREENHOUSE PAINTING AND GLAZING My many jears' e.xperieiice while engaged with the leading greenhouse tiuilders, and my employing only iirst-class men, places me in position to under- take any new or old work whicli yon may con- template. Let me estimate on your work. FRANK TIDABACK Greenhouse Painter and Glazier TARRYTOWN, N. Y. Julius Roehrs Company Nurserymen and Florists Headquarters for Orchids, Palms, Stove and Greenhouse Plants, Bay Trees and Box Trees, Laurus Cerasus, Aucubas, Cyclamen, Begonia Lorraine and Cincinnati, Evergreens, Decideous Trees and Shrubs. RUTHERFORD, NEW JERSEY ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiniiii^ ORCHIDS I F"r»shly Impoi-t^d j I We have received and unpacked the following in fine j I condition: Cattleyas — Percivaliana, Gaskelliana, | I Speciosissima; Dendrobiums — Formosum, Nobile, | I Densiflorum, Schuitzii (novehy) ; Vandas — Coerulea, j i Batemannii, Imshootiana, Luzonica (novehy) ; j i Phalaenopsis — Amabilis, Schiiieriana and Spothoglot- | 1 tis plicata. Many more to arrive. | 1 i I Write for special list No. 55. | I LAGER & HURRELL, Summit, N. J. | Tree Ow^ners and Tree Lovers Will find much to interest and instruct in the NEW ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE "TREE TALK" Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry. All about the planting, care and treatment of trees and shrubs. Accurate information about pruning, spraying and tree surgery. Send Fifty cents for a full year's subscription to "Tree Talk." Sample copies free on receipt of 2 cent stamp to cover postage. Published quarterly by THE FROST & B ARTLETT COMPANY 26 Cortlandt St. (Suite 212) NEW YORK Competent Gardeners q The comlorls and products ol o country home ore Increased by employing a competent gardener; If you wani 10 engage one, write to us. q Please give particulars regarding place and say whether married or single man is wanted. We have been supplying them lor years lo the best people everywhere. No lee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen a.nd Florists 33 and 37 Cortlandl St. NEW YORK CITY "Curiosity Killed a Cat^' That is a well-known old-time saying; Init it does not apply to you. because YOU ARE NOT A C.A.T. It is safe for you. and for your wife and your chil- dren, to want to know what is to be found in the woods and the fields around you, in the swamps and meadows, the ponds and ditches. Do not hesitate to indulge in the JOY OF CURIOSITY. You are not a cat. You can satisfy the desire to know by reading THE GUIDE TO NATURE It is ten cents a copy; one dollar a year. ADDRESS ArcAdiA, Sound Beach, Conn. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 37 DRBRR'S POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS Tin- best varieties, both new and nld, and best methods of plant- ing to raise a full crop of strawberries next year are fully particu- larized in Dreer's Mid-Summer Catalogue Also Celery. Cabbage, and otlicr vegetable plants. A select list of decorative plants. Palms. Ferns, etc.; Seeds of old-fashioned Hardy rV^rennials and other flowers for summer sowing. Seasonable Farm Seeds, etc. Write today for a copy. FRRE. and please mention this magazine. HENRY A. DREER 714-710 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA. PA. ^iiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiNiNiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiii{iiiii:iiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiuiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiii»iiniiiir I BOBBINK & ATKINS I I WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY | I AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS | 1 In our .>0o (uTfs 1.1' highly ciiUival'il NiMst r\ Liiml wo arr Ki'""'iiiR i ^ Nursery I'roiiucts for t'Vi-ryhoily iukI snilahit- for all oarts of Uie ^ = country. Wo shall Ik- ;rlad to liavo inttanlitiK pun-hascrs visit our = i Nursci-y aii'l insiM-.-r Tlio qualily ..f st*i .i;:!..'iO. :i;."i,oii and .^"..'lO i-arh, LARGE-LEAVED EVER- GREENS, ENGLISH LAUREL auil AUCUBAS tia- .'^iiiminr ihr oral ion. PALMS AND DECORATIVE PLANTS. Wo havo sovionl aoros of ;;iri-nIiousi'S iu wllich WO grow ralins. Fi-rus ami 11 large collec- tion of olants for inlorior anil cxtioior iloooratiolis. OUR NEW HYBRID GIANT- FLOWERING MARSHMALLOW. Kvorvhodv ~lioiihl In- iiiicn-sti'il in this ohl fa-hi.,Moil llow.r. II will grow ovory whole anil wlion iu hloom is the queen of all canton llinvers. Order now for .\utuuin delivery. ENGLISH IVY. Wo grow man,\' rhousanils in trained forms and oidinaiv plants from 2 to 8 fool tail. PEONIES AND IRIS. We have Illy I, III o|,lo iilior oil' of III STRAWBERRIES. I'ollod and lield-grown iu all the leadinf.' va- rieties. Wo havo many thou- sands of Strawliorry plants and are in iiosition to lill orders of any si/.o. .\sk for spoeial list. EVERGREENS, CONIFERS AND PINES. Many acres nt \iiisor.\ all- devoled to their cul- livalion, iii-ilor now for August dolivory, BOXWOOD, Everyhody loves tile aroma of old fashioned Box wood. Wt have thousands in many shapes and sizes. BAY TREES. We are head- uuartors for llhiii. Wo carry lit .ill times huiiilieds. and often- times diirini: I lie year several llionsaiids may he soon in our -Niirser.v. PLANT TUBS. WINDOW BOXES AND ENGLISH GAR- DEN FURNITURE. Wo iiianil- faolnro all sliaiies and sizes. LAWN GRASS SEED, Our Riitliorrord Tarl; I. awn Mixture has ;;ivoil salisfai'lion ovofywhere. Arthur T. Boddington SEEDSMAN 342 West 14th Street New York I OUR NEW ILLUSTRATED GENERAL CATALOG No, 46 desciihes | = our proilnots; mailod upon roi|tli-st. ^ 1 WE PLAN AND PLANT GROUNDS AND GARDENS EVERY- i i WHERE WITH OUR ''WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY AND = I GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS." | j NURSERYMEN, FLORISTS AND PLANTERS j I RUTHERFORD, N. J. | ^llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllNiillilililliilillllliiiiU^^ Incorporated 19 J 1 ANDREW K. KENNEDY. Pres. and Trcas. KENNEDY & HUNTER SEEDSMEN Pot Grown Strawberry Plants Now Ready All Standard Varieties $3.50 per 100 156 West 34th Street ?e"„?a'."Ma[,'™ New York 'ONLY THE BE.ST" THE NEXT STORM MAY DO THIS TO •\7-g~\-l TI> CflVICCT "Tl^FFTC Your trees may appear strong and I ^JUlx. ni^Hiijl 1 IVEjtiC? healthy— and yet be so unsound that the next storm will snap them off like the one shown here. If your trees need no attention you want to know it. If they do, yiiu DURht to know it. If you want real Tree Sur- gery, it must he Davey Tree Surgery. Expert ex- aminations without charge. Representatives with credentials axailalilc everywhere. Write today for lieautiful free book and letters from estate owners to whom our examinations have been a revelation. Write tiiday. JOHN DAVEY [Father of Tree Surgery I THE DAVEY TREE EXPERT CO. Inc. 443 Elm Street, Kent, Ohio Ilrauolii s Willi toloplioiio iiiniiortions: .Vow Vork. l'liiluilol|dila, ('liiciii,'o, Montreal, Sun Fi.inci.soo. OOPVRICHT i«ia 38 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. ®I|^ Contents- "Sunt, 19X4 Building the Flower Garden The Gardeners' Co-operative Movement 52 Bv W. G. Comersall 39 Circulation of Water in the Soil Transplanting Big Trees .... 42 By Maud De Wilt Pear / 54 The Semi-Aquatic Irises Bv H. J. Moore 43 Success in Woodland Planting June . . . Bii David S. Miller 43 By Arthur Smitl . 54 Perfect Days 43 Happy Thoughts 54 Georgian Court. Lakewood, N. J. . 44 Plant Life in Mexican Arid Regions The Children's Home Gardens By Elmer Steam , 55 Bv Elizabeth Chase 45 Raising Orchids from Seeds 56 Growing Grapes in Pots Bv Percy E. Hicl(s 46 Spray Every Year for Perfect Fruit 57 A Confession . . By G. C. Walson 46 Queries and Answers . 58 The Happy Gardener By Alex. MacLellan 46 National Associations . 59 The S. A. F. & O. H. Convention Garden . 46 Local Societies .... 59 A Visit to the Converse Estate, Marion, Mass. Sun Warms Only Earth's Surface Editorials ...... The Important Man ..... The Only Way The Summer Meeting, N. A. G. . National Association Notes .... 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 ' Gardener's Diary Oyster Bay Horticultural Society . Nassau County Horticultural Society Westchester & Fairfield Horticultural Soc New London Horticultural Society Tuxedo Horticultural Society lety 60 60 60 60 61 61 Among the Gardeners ..... 50 TarrytowTi Horticultural Society . 61 Preliminary Schedule, 1915 New York Show 50 Rahway, N. J., Rose Show 61 Pedigreed Pansy Seed Pansy Seed secured from the best growers known to us after exhaustive tests. FAMOUS NON PLUS ULTRA STRAIN t.xt,,r., .i.,i str.m,. .t,™. whi.i, ca,, ik ,,c™^^^ -. » .J * ^i^^jj ^^j ^ji^, ii^.^^ plants lor seed pmposcs. and llnrcdin- must nut Im- Gigantic Size, Heavy Texture, Brilliant Colors i"nr..nn.i.ai wiih siiains ..mM-cii i.y s.imi Bnciism, n at i.m.T prin-s. Onr Non Phis Ultra Pnns.v is a inixtnn itainins tin- larsi-st. hand- I'kf- '/i '«• Oz siiini'St and most pcrfi-ct vari.'tii-s cv.-r sont out. The- lu^anlilul i-olor- Fire King. R.d :ind vllun. laruv lirown I'Vc .Tll.in ifl.2ri ^i.l,<\ in:; and variety of ninrUins u'ivc a In il of thi'sc I'ansii^s a nnist l>rllliant p,r,r,^r„, TiTiiii-,™ i> , r i,. ' ir i o- .00 ,i.i 11, , r i, . , . ^ r Hiinporor William. I'ccp iniw in l.j.i 4.0" :tp|" Jiranr-o. Jin- seed has licfii saved from tlio ^'rratest assortincnt of ' l,v|)cs. inidndini; only the hcst of (iiaiit Cassicrs. IlilKiLits. 'IViinardcailx I-""''' Beaconsfleld. \iiilil, -^Inid.d whito l.'i l.r,0 .^.llli and Giant Eni-lisli, I''rc'nih and (iiriiran strains. Kiia-st Mixed, pkt. Light Blue. White er-riter ... ■.... 10 l.dll H f.ll 1.1 ets., Vi n.. ?l,r,0, ox,. ?i;. Light Blue 10 1,00 n.w GTAIMT PAM'^TF'^ Pres, Camot. rmc wliit." iKlals: Mcep hlntcli 15 1.25 4.00 Purple 10 1.00 ."...".n Separate Colors Pure Yellow lo i.no .1.50 oiir sir.'iini^ of Oinnt rniisii-s :iri' prinMircd from sporialiPts in Enropi'. Snow- White Ht l.nii :\.r,\\ w liii il.-vntoil llu-ir ontirc Pin-r^iifs ln\\;ir't pnxliu'iii-r sizf, very hr'nv.v White. Dnrk f-yp lii l.nn :;.."i(t PANSIES IN MIXTURE I'kt, I'l oz. (iz. I'kt. y, 07.. Oz, Masterpiece, SmiutI. n.w . lass of ld,.t, hed fansi,.s, Bugnot Strain. I.a.^e. stained, mixed $0.2.-, 5:l.,-,0 $,-,.,«. Willi lari-'e l)looms nn.stlv iindiilaled or enrled. l:iilliant e.dors $0.1.-, $2. no .$7.iio Catsier's Stram. .Ml e..l„rs mixi^d 1,'", t.oo :i.,-,o M,^dame Perret. Early Mow. riil^, Iraurant, i-sp,'- Odier, All colors nii\,.il 1.", l.oo riOii liallv rii-li ill red sliades; lar:;e llon.riiiii 1,", 1,,",0 ,",.00 Fine English Mixed 0,-, .,'",0 !..-|ii 30-32 BARCLAY ST. NEW YORK CITY GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS \nl. X\J1I. jUiXi';, i'n4. N( Building the Flower Garden By W. G. Gomersall. There is no ganlen picture su beautiful as that [)ruduccil liy a group or groups of hardy flowers and fohage. Yet try as one will to produce the best effects how often we have to admit that some of the most beautiful and effective llmver ])ictures we have seen have been produced either l)y accident or without human careful forethought. Yet, because occasionally one has met with this accidental pict- ure, it does not follow that unskillful or careless planting will produce such results, far from it. To properly plant pictures of tree shrubbery or hardy flowering plants re- i|uires a knowledge of their habits, their flowering season, height, degree of hardiness, whether fall or spring is the best season to plant. Whether they are shade or sun lov- ing jjlants, whether suitable for a dry or wet ground, and also it is important to know their suitability as a cut flower, and their color. Some plants are best adapted for a semi- wild garden, others for edges of lakes and water courses and others form splendid subjects for the well kept lawn. It is among the rocky hills bordering the Hudson River tiiat some of the most glorious Autumn pictures are seen to the best advantage. The Wild .\ster or Jilichaelnias daisies in lovelv masses of lavender, lilac and purple s])lendnr splashed with Golden Rod and the fiery Autumn tints of the Sumach toned and mellowed by the yellow leaves of the Sassafras and the rich red coloring of the dogwood. A bold rock standing majestically above this group has tempted a woodbine to raise its head above the purple mass and itself has ])ut on that glorious orange scarlet tint with which the sun has clothed it and so make it a fit coni- panidii for such gorgeously arrayed company. What more beautiful i)icture could there lie for the eyes to feast upon. Hut imagine the flowers changed to hollyhocks, Campanulas or gorgeous Phlox, and would not the picture lose its charm, or if the whole picture were transferred to a well kept lawn should we not realize the discord of the surroundings. The inharmonious settings to the picture would rob it of its charm. In ])lanting hardy herbaceous plants the ada|)tabilit\ of the surroundings to the character of the plants must be considered, where a corner of the grounds can be sj)ared. Try a special setting for those hardy flowers that are of a semi-wild character. It may take a few years to grow the surroundings into that peaceful and restful character so that everything growing a])])ears so adapted to its sur- roundings, that the hand of man is lost ;md only nature seems to have done the work. In the formation of such a hardy garden, rocks are of great assistance. In many localities, however, rocks are not obtainable, but the evenness of the ground ma\ be broken by sunken gardens using the excavated earth to form mounds and slopes, the whole or part being screened from the general view with evergreens. Rhododendrons, Pines, Spruce, Boxwood, etc., or plants of such character as are adapted to the local climate con- ditions. These sunken or depressed gardens would in wintl exposed places form splendid gardens for such ten- der plants as are difficult to grow ex])osed to the winter wind. The possibilities of such a garden, if entirely sur- rounded by Pines, dense growing deciduous shrubs and evergreens adapted to the locality, appeal to the imagina- tion. Being separated and distinct from the other garilens, it would have a distinct character of its own. The en- trance might be partially obscured and thus be a garden for seclusion and rest. In such a place would be found a home for choice Rhododendrons, Andromedas, .Azaleas, Clethras Kalmias and Hollies, ( )smanthus and even the laurels and Aucubas. While intermingled or in groujis would be ])lanted Cornus Florida, the white ami red flowering, Pinus Mugho and I'rinos Verticillata or decid- uous holly and Eunoymons Europeous, while on the top of the mound Rhus Glabra Laciniata or cut leaved Sumach, and Eunoymons Alatus and a cer gimiale against the back- ground of Pines would be most beautiful, and here would grow in ])erfect harmony the Wild Asters Novol Anglica, and the Helenimns, Autumnale, Supcrlium and Pumilum. While on the sloping bank a mass of Hypericum Moserianum, Densiflora and Aenothera Youngii with Mahonia Aquafolia would be charming. ( )f course, the continuity of such a sloping bank would have to be l)rokeu, by either rocks or planting the Rhododendrons to form points or breaks. The rocks could be covered with Wichuriana Roses, Cotiueaster Microphilea, English Ivies, Polygoniinn, lialdsehusanum and Clematis, and a few plants of Veronica Subsessilis and Salvia Azurea thrown in near the Hypericums would, with their lovcl\- blue liarnKJnize with the yellow of the llyi)ericum. '{"he border being on a slope could be wide in jjlaces and narrow in others, having an edging of English Ivies or Vinca Minor, and jierhaps in places Phlox Subulata, I'unkia Subcordata Grandiflora and the Tritomas. Here too would be si)Ienome special effect is desired, it is quite permissible to utilize e.xotic subjects, but we must remem- ber that irises are irises all the world over, and if the iris is to be a special feature of any scheme, we must not be misled by the lure of some nursery catalogue with its brilliantly-colored plates and glowing descriptions into purchasing something just as good. There are numer- ous responsible firms from whom the semi-aquatic irises may be obtained, there being nothing just as good as the iris where the iris is the logical subject to use. — Canadian Florist. JUNE. JOINED be the hand of time and June, The fragrant rose, the garden's pride, Opulence of heavenly boon. Perfumes the air at eventide. T TNDALTNTED time at manhood's noon, ^^ Comes now to wed his long sought bride. ^EATH nodding stars, and summer moon Their vows are made, the knot is tied. Round Earth's altar flowers festoon, Alorn wafts their fragrance far and wide, Birds warble in their sweetest tune. .\11 nature joins "Here comes the bride," 'Sl'ciy they enjoy their honeymoon. ERE long, bold fate shall them divide. D.wm S. AIiLLi-u. PERFECT DAYS. The poet and mystic, Emerson, wrote of the perfect New England day : "There are days which occur in this climate at almost any season of the year, whereon the world reaches its perfection ; when the air, the heavenly bodies and the earth make a harmony as if Nature would indulge her offspring;. . . . and the cattle that lie on the ground seem to have great and tranquil thoughts." It was of such a day that Lowell sang : ".And what is so rare as a day in June? Then, if ever, come perfect days ; Then Heaven tries earth if it be in tune, And over it softly her warm ear lays." The busy man in the strenuous days of haying has, it is true, little time for poetry and reflection ; yet there is something about the quality of the early June days that lifts us out of ourselves, and sets us in tune with the in- finite. But these thoughts visit only those who are in close touch with Nature, and are scarcely possible to those who walk in the deep caverns between sky-scrapers, and whose horizon is bounded by rows of houses. Thus by the divine law of compensation, those who in the fields are bearing the heat and burden of the day are able to see with a clearer vision as they lift their eyes to the hills. The man who is thus daily and hourly in close touch with Nature, sharer of her secrets, partner in her bounty and witness of lier beauty and her miracles, ought to be a clean and wholesome man, as we believe usually he is. Wickedness and vice cannot live in such an atmos])liere if man is in projier touch with his environment and has caught the celestial fire. Let us all, however busy we may be, pause long enough to drink in the beautv of these June days, and be thankful that our lines have fallen in pleasant places. — Fann JournaL 44 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. GEORGIAN COURT, LAKEWOOD, N. J. A recent visit to "Georgian Crjurt," Lakewood, N. J., the country estate of George J. Gould, Esq., found it almost perfect in springtime splendor. The fine collec- tion of rhododendrons, both the catawbiense and hybrids, as the accompanying illustrations show, were rich in flower. The azaleas Amoena ( there must be over a thousand of A GLIMPSE .\T THE RHODODENDRON DISPLAY. these plants about the grounds) with their thousands of cerise flowers, must have been a gorgeous sight in bloom, although we were too late to witness it. Our illustration on the cover page is reproduced from a photograph of a beautiful s|)ecimen azalea Amoena on the Gould estate, which i.s claimed to be the largest in existence, measur- ing over twelve feet in diameter. Lakewood being regarded as a winter resort, the plant- ings of evergreens predominate and we saw beautiful specimens of spruces, pinus, taxus, retinisporas and other species, the whole making a grand display and showing good taste in architecture and landscape. The Japanese garden is one of the show features of the estate, with its combination of color and streams of water and miniature water falls. The sunken garden with its marble steps and beautiful statues which fead to it, is a marvelous piece of work where art and skill com- bine. The residence itself is a beautiful structure nestling among the pines surrounded b\- lawns which make a pleasing effect. We were all much impressed with the !^fa£Jt^ 1 i 1 ■BIM||r'.f'^ 1 r^^T^^""" 3|pMi^^ J.XP.^NESE G.\RDEN— .\N INTERESTING SPOT. beauty of the lawns, of which there are over one hundred acres ; they looked so green and fresh ! The whole estate, which has an area of over two hun- dred acres is devoted entirely to pleasure and sport. Polo, golf, tennis, boating and shooting are induged in, in their seasons. _ The range of greenhouses is an innovation to one on his first visit to them. Here chrysanthemums, carna- tions, roses, gardenias, orchids and other flowering plants RESIDENCE OF GEO. J. GOULD, ESQ.— GEORGI.VX COURT. are growing by the thousand and they were all found in excellent condition. Other houses- are devoted to fruits and vegetables. Grapes, peaches, nectarines, tomatoes, cucumbers, beans, cauliflower, lettuce and even cabbage are found growing under glass in abundance. IT.\LI.\N G.\RDEN WITH C.\SIXO IX B.\CKGROUND. Mr. George J. Gould is said to be an ardent lover of nature and this seems to be exemplified h\ the entire ap- pearance of his estate. Its development appears to be one of perfection wherever the eye can see. Josejih Mills, the su]ierintendent. a voung man still in ENTR.XNCE TO THE SUNKEN G.\RDENS. his early thirties, received his early training on some of the finest estates in England. He has had exceptional experience both outside and in the greenhouse and conse- quently is well fitted for the position he now holds. Much credit is due Mr. Mills and his able assistants for the splendid up-keep of Georgian Court. ANNUAL SWEET PEA SHOW AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY American Museum of Natural History June 27 and 28, 1915 The Children's Home Garden A tragedy has been apparent to many who have taught school in \'erniont during the past few years. Slowly but persistently it has dawned upon the minds of those who have had to do with education, or think about it at all, that something has been vitally wrong with our edu- cational system. There has been a remarkable spectacle of people rearing children whom they love and for whom they toil, and yet, in whom, from earliest childhood, they have instilled the idea that they should live their lives when grown up in some better place than that in which they were born. They, the parents, with the help of the public school system, have diligently and constantly educated their children away from their native environ- ment. Their eyes have grown long sighted in looking for the pot at the end of the rainbow while stumbling over the opportunities at their own doors. This training added to the natural tendency to migrate which we all inherit, has made sad havoc of our small villages and rural communities. Each year the best of the youths have gone away leaving inefficient ones behind. There have been e.xceptions to this rule always, and yet it is true that the best, to an alarming extent, have been en- couraged to leave home as early as possible, and have done so. Following them to their distant fields we ob- serve that in most cases they make no greater nor less success of themselves there than they would have had opportunity to make at home. Their native places have frequently fallen to decay which is a cause of regret as they grow older, when the thoughts naturally turn with sad reflection and affection to the undeveloped opportuni- ties and scenes of their birthplaces. Villages have not thrived as they should, not having been well fed by the outlying farm districts. The boys who have left the farms when young finding themselves without work in trying industrial times may return to the farm but they have unfitted themselves, many times very seriously, by not keeping pace with farming methods. The idea grew in our mind that parents and educa- tional systems might better train the children by interest- ing them in the occupations of their home environment, training them to make the most of home opportunities. In this way they might become more useful and better citizens, developing greater love and respect for their native town and be better equipped to live their lives either at home or in bigger places, if called there. That is why a small attempt was made some twelve or fifteen years ago to interest some children in a Vermont village in school gardening. After two years' trial it was a failure. Why? First, because the children came from scattered districts and when the long vacations came school and all that pertained thereto was left far behind. Secondly — we found human nature to be selfish. No few children, however convenient for them, would take care of the school garden when the other pupils were scattered and not able to do their share of the work. Since then we have learned to look upon this trait more as a part of the natural independence which is developed especially in every individual who lives in farming districts. We also came to realize that when almost every boy and girl has plenty of land at home that they do not need to have a small tract loaned them. So, then, because of the scattered conditions, because of the independent natures and because they have land of their own upon which we want a goodly number to re- main, we concluded that home gardens were best for our country boys and girls. School gardens are impractical for country schools ; only as a small demonstration, one can be used. We believe that hot beds at the countrv By Elizabeth Chase. schools are e.xcellent, however. In these thev may start early plants and transfer them later to their home gar- dens. Opportunity came, five years ago, to try home garden- ing with children. Two years were spent with very small results. It was easy from the first to interest the children, but the indifference or amusement of'the parents was often disheartening and in a few instances impossible to surmount. During this period few people knew about the attempt. By the third season, however, the work was well established, the enthusiasm of the children being sufficient to make it a success. In them had been created an interest so keen that they pestered fathers and mothers continually until they were allowed to have a small plot of ground for their own and could join the gar- den class. Commercial results were also making the parents consider the matter seriously. But one rule was made in joining the class. It was explained to each one so that there could be no question of his misunderstand- ing, that he must do all his own work after the ground was ploughed and fertilized. No name was accepted without verbal agreement to this proposition. As the class has grown rapidly in numbers during the past three seasons, a few instances have been apparent where chil- dren have not done all their own work. Each time the dishonesty has reflected upon the weakness of parents who, in their anxiety to have their children's work show up well, have taught them dishonest} by assisting them. When instances have been proved beyond a doubt that the children have not done their own work, they are not allowed to compete for the prizes. But we are giving undue attention to this point, the only unpleasant one we have ever experienced in this work, and for which our one rule is made. There liave really been a surpris- ingly small number of children who have not been fair. On the contrary honest work is the rule and in several cases the enthusiasm has been so great that it has seemed best to hold the children back. The work has been car- ried on to some extent through the public school. Ele- mentary garden books have been placed in the different schools and these the teachers have been kind enough to read with the children, or they have been taken home. Regular hours have l^een given us for talks upon garden- ing in the schools, when every phase of the work is dis- cussed by the most competent people we can get. Plans for the gardens are drawn in school in the early spring days and all seeds required are secured through the penny packet system. Once each month during the spring and summer a journey is made together to some market garden, chicken, horse or dairy farm. These are made gala days. Children from 5 to 17 years of age are admitted to the class and are divided according to age into three classes. New departments have been added to the work each year, as there has been a natural demand. General vege- table gardens, special crops, flower gardens and improve- ment in door yards have been on the list. This year lambs and pigs and maple sugar products will be new features. For each of these departments, prizes have been offered through the generous interest of Mr. Theo. N. Vail of this town and other friends. They are divided into two classes, those given for the work observed by the committee who visits the gardens once each month, and those given by the judges at the fair which is held every fall on the village green. The prizes vary each year as it seems best to encour- age the work of different departments. The children are not encouraged to save their products 46 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. for the fair. They are urged to help supply the family table and to market everything' at the right time. They are guided as. much as possible in proper marketing. They are guided in raising the things that have special commercial value. A small child likes to make mud pies, but he likes to raise a plant of his own just as well — and as soon as he sees the fruit of that plant he will enthuse over the worth-while product of his labor and not over the mud pie. \\'ith occasional parties the work is made play and every four-year-old wants to be five years old so he may join the "garden class." Right there is the best and strongest point of the Lyndon Garden Work — the beginning with the child when very young. Five years is almost too late. We find that beginning with the very young we can develop almost a universal love for these occupations for which their home state is pre-eminently adapted. \Ve see no reason why this work cannot be done in any rural community and earnestly hope that it may. (C'liildren's gardens, whether school, neighborhood, city lot or home gardens, have become a potential force in child education; especially so in rural communities, and children's gardens should be encouraged. Elementary courses are taught in some of the schools of the large cities, but those children who have the ad- vantage of practicing right in the soil become the greatest garden enthusiasts. The foregoing contribution by a pioneer in the work presents some valuable suggestions to those who are interested in the movement to keep the j'outh on the farm. — Ed.) GROWING GRAPES IN POTS. By Percy E. Hicks. It is surprising that one does not see more grapes grown in pots, considering the small amount of space thev take and the little care that they recjuire for the quantity and quality of the fruit that can be got. Take on private places where there is only a small amount of glass ; if you have a small light house where you can maintain a night temperature of from 65 to 68 degrees I don"t know of anything that is prettier or that would give your employer more satisfaction than a nicely finished house of grapes in pots They are of easy culture ; take three-year-old imported canes and give the same temperature as you would grapes in the border starting easy at first and gradually increas- ing. The main thing is to see that they do not suffer for water and feed liberally when fruit is set. Black Hamburgh is one of the most satisfactory grapes for pots and my advice to any one that has not tried them is to get a dozen fruiting canes from some reliable firm and take good care of the airing, watering, feeding, etc., and it will give a lot of pleasure to yourself and your em- ployer. A CONFESSION. What a glorious profession is that of the true gardener ! He enjoys all the beauties of nature which his em- ployer only glimpses between times ! He gets all the effulgence and none of the worries of paying for it ! I have been crying like John the Baptist for more pay for the gardener. I take it all back. The gardener ought to work for nothing and pay a premuim G. C. Watson-. THE HAPPY GARDENER. Oh ! the glorious profession Of the gardener — for just see How he holds in his possession All flowers, vines, shrubs and trees. Even charms of old dame Nature He claims are his by right. And he for higher wages Now fain would go on strike. In regard to compensation. Well may the gardener smile, For a balance in equation Shows boss behind a mile. Enjoying constant pleasure — While boss gets scarce a peek At dame Nature's golden treasure, It may be once a week. So to equalize life's burdens I, George, the plan suggest. That the gardener pay a premium, He is so highly blest. The foregoing lines were suggested by G. C. Watson's remarks on the subject. Let some one else give us the other side. Newport) R. I. ALEXANDER iLACLELLAN. (From Horticulture.) HOUSE OF POT-GEOW.X GE.VPES, CROWN BY PERCY E. HICKS. THE S. A. F. & O. H. CONVENTION GARDEN OF 1914. The Boston reports on all Convention preparations are most satisfactory and very promising, thanks to the well united efforts and labors of the Boston organizations which are hard at work to make the coming convention a great success. The Convention Garden, as plaimed and prepared by our enthusiastic brothers of our horticultural and other- wise well known and progressive Convention City, offers a splendid opportunity for the growers of all kinds of outdoor plants to display their goods and their skill. The garden is situated in one of the principal and most fre- quented parks of the city within easy walking distance of the Convention Hall. The general layout is very effec- tive and the surromidings are most ideal. The grounds and their care are in the hands of most able experts, which, together with the favorable climatic conditions, assures successful culture of every plant that is sent there for exhibition or decorative purposes. The Minneapolis Convention Garden was a success in every respect and has brought the aims and achievements of our profession and our organization nearer to the public than any other thing the S. A. F. has ever done, outside of its National Flower shows. The people of Minneapolis feel deeply gratefttl towards the National Society of Florists for the beautiful garden they planted for them and for the lessons it has taught them. The education of the public in this practical manner has al- ready made itself felt amongst local florists, which is proof that such educational exploitation is at the same time practical advertising. Our daily press insisted that THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 47 the garden be continued in a similar way in the future and the display of 140,000 spring flowering bulbs, which was at its best a few days ago, brought out the follow^ing editorial from the Alinneapolis Tribime of May 21 : OUR TULIP BEDS, "Is there in another city of the world a sight so bril- liant as the garden beside our Minneapolis armory? There it stands, the property of the poorest child as well as the richest grown-up who passes by. In every such life it is playing a part to-day — warming the soul with the richness of splendid color, quickening in it the love of nature, lifting it above the dusty drab of the day's busi- ness. Xature is a bold artist. Were any mere man to splash colors from a paint bo.x in such gorgeousness, to parallel scarlet with canary yellow, to mottle pink and orange in the same blossom, the eyes would close tightly with the hurt. But the very splendor of these gay colors in the tulip beds makes them magnificent. It is as though nature laughed at our futile attempts to rival her and yet gave to us opulently of her most brilliant treasures. It is not so long since such a public garden would have been found far from the center of any American city if found at all. Men and women thought themselves 'practical' in those days ; in reality they were only shortsighted. To-day the dweller of the American city sees farther — and he makes his children richer than he was with a suc- cession of clean and wholesome interests as the best pos- sible offset to the day's temptations. "Our tulip beds are something more than a passing delight, this spring. They are a brilliant certificate of our widening vision and our nearer approach to fullness of the spirit." To what better aims can we devote our professional labors and skill than to the recognized motives outlined in that editorial, and of what could we justly be more proud and happy, than to feel that our endeavors and achievements are deserving of such favorable impres- sions, comments and recognition. What has been started successfully last year can now be greatly enlarged upon in Boston, and a splendid be- ginning has been made. May I be accorded the privilege to ask every grower, florist and gardener to do his full share towards the success of our Boston Convention Garden, through active participation as an exhibitor. The Garden is all ready, and all that is now required is the plants to fill it. We want you all to help us in this educational work, and we want you to share alike the happiness, the pride, the glory and other manifold bene- fits of this progressive undertaking. Planting time is passing fast, so write to James B. Shea, Chairman, Con- vention Garden, 30 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass., for information and space. DO IT NOW ! Theodore Wirth, President, S. A. F. & O. H. A VISIT TO THE CONVERSE ESTATE, MARION, MASS. The writer recently had the pleasure of a journey over the Converse estate at Marion, accompanied by Super- intendent Roy. After walking about two hours around the grounds we realized that a vast amount of planning and an equally large amount of work must have been necessary to have so completely changed the eighty acres comprising this estate into such a picture. As you enter the gate, if one takes the drive, a beauti- ful vista of stately trees banked with Rhodendrons prom- ises a pleasing picture when the season arrives for the unfolding of the numerous buds into a gorgeous display. Preferring to walk, one takes a turn to the right and enters the Daffodil Walk winding its circuitous way among Nature's solitude from the gate to the green- houses. Never in the walk could the eye escape the nar- cissus in all its loveliness. Bordering the walk are thou- sands of trumpet varieties, while peeping from among the undergrowth were seen the beautiful poeticus. Another gorgeous display was seen in the formal garden where nearly ten thousand bulbs of various kinds vied with each other in an effort to catch the eye. Emperor and Em- press Narcissus were remarkably fine. In the greenhouses everything showed the touch of the master hand, while the house containing a large collection of Hydrangea Hortensis, each plant bearuig several trusses augmented by splendid specimens of pink and while spireas, was the center of attraction. In fact it was hard to turn in any direction without seeing some- thing to hold the attention of any lover of Nature. W. F. TURXER. SUN WARMS ONLY EARTH'S SURFACE. How far does the heat of the full summer's sun pen- etrate into the ground? Probably not one person in ten will give an answer that is even appro.ximately correct, says Tit Bits. Their replies generally vary from one inch to many hundred feet. Actuallv the distance is about three feet. Beyond this depth the temperature of the soil does not vary ap- preciably from hour to hour, let the midday be ever so hot and the midnight ever so cold. At this depth the mean temperature in the summer is about 58 degrees Fahrenheit and in the winter about 36 degrees Fahrenheit. And the annual difference? That is to say, the depth at which there is some difference between the summer temperature and that of the winter? Well, at a depth of 60 feet it is impossible to measure any change due to the changing seasons overhead. Go down only 40 feet and it is minute — barely measurable. But at 25 jeet to 30 feet it is quite a definite amount. The surface heat takes a long while to penetrate down- ward. In fact, curiously enough, the change in tem- jierature of the ground takes just over six months to reach the end of its 25-foot journey. Thus we are faced with the phenomenon of midsummer upon the surface occurring at the same time as midwinter 25 to 30 feet down, and vice versa. As most people are aware, the temperature increases with the depth. At three feet down the average annual mean is just short of 45 degrees Fahrenheit, while at 25 feet it is just over a degree more, that is 47 degrees Fahrenheit. In agricultural districts yon will hear farmers in the same village talking about "cold" soils and "warm" soils. This, although it soimds improbable to those who have never had anything to do with the land, is an actual fact. Everybody knows from personal experience that black clothes are hotter to wear when a hot summer's sun is shining than white ones, hence the "flannels" for men and the white frocks for girls. The reason for this is that black and other dark color.s absorb heat, while white and the lighter shades reflect it. And this applies to soils equally with clothes. Those soils wdiich by their ingredients are a darker color are literally w-armer than their lighter neighbors. Peaty soils, some of which are nearly "black, others a rich, dark brown, are the warmest. Light colored clays and chalk the coldest. There may be as much as 15 de- grees or 16 degrees Fahrenheit difference between the temperatuies of two soils, lying next each other, and upon the same day. On a warm suminer's day the tem- perature of peaty soil may well be over 87 degrees Fahrenheit, while a chalky field of similar situation in the .same district will not rise above 73 degrees to 74 degrees Fahrenheit. 48 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor. Published by CHRONICLE PRESS M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y. Office of Publicarion 1 Montgomery Street, Jersey City, N. J. New York Office 236 WILLIAM STREET, NEW YORK CITY. Single Copies, 10 Cent Subscription Price, 12 Months, $1.00 Foreign, $1.50 Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Offic« at Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Published on the 15th of each month. Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication. For information regarding advertising rates, etc, address Adrertising Department, Gardeners' Chronicle, Madison, N. J. ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS President, Vice-President. Treasurer, WM. H. WAITE, J. W. EVERETT, JAMES STUART, Yonkers, N. Y. Glen Cove, N. Y. Mamaroneck, N. Y. Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison, N. J. TRUSTEES FOR 1914. Peter Duff, Orange. N. J.; William Kleinheinz, Ogontz. Pa.; William Duckham, Madison, N. J.; .-Mexander MacKenzie, Highland Falls, N. Y.; John H. Dodds, Wyncote, Pa. DIRECTORS. To serve until 1915 — John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor, Lenox, Mass.; William N. Craig, Brookline, Mass.; Frank E. Witney. Fishkill, N. Y. ; Robert Williamson, Lircenwich, Conn.; F. ICirk, Bar Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y. To serve until 1916 — Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss, Hartford, Conn.; las. MacMachan, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson, Washington, D. C; James C. Shield, Monticello, 111. To serve until 1917 — A. J. Smith, Lake Geneva, Wis.; Theodore Wirth, Minneapolis, Minn.; Wm. Hetrick, San Gabriel, Cal.; Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y.; Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn.; Alex. Fraser, Newport, R. I.; .Arthur Smith, Reading, Pa. Vol. XVIII. JUNE, 1914. No. 2. In August next we will witness what will probably be the greatest gathering of floricultural and horticultural interests ever brought together at a convention in this country. Boston, which today many regard as the hot- bed of horticulture in America, will be the meeting place. The convention will be that of the Society of American Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists. The published reports of the preparations under way give every evi- dence that not alone the usual trade exhibits, but the out- door garden plantings will surpass anything of their nature ever attempted heretofore. The National Association of Gardeners will meet in Boston at the time of the convention, its sister society having graciously included the meeting of the gardeners' association in its general program. Attendance at Boston during the S. A. F. convention offers a trip both for pleasure and profit, and the gar- deners should not miss it. Pleasure, in meeting with the men who have been instrumental in the upbuilding of horticulture in the past decade ; profitable, in the knowl- edge you will glean from a visit to the outdoor garden, studying what has been accomplished in this competitive planting; and from a visit to the convention's general trade exhibition. Make Boston during the week of .\ugust 16 a part of your 1914 outing. You will not regret it. Co-operation between the gardeners' societies is no longer an advocated theory ; it has become an established fact. Action has been taken by some of the prominent local gardeners' societies to bring this about, the moving spirit behind the plan being the gardeners' national asso- ciation. The prime motive of the co-operative plan is to create a more intimate knowledge as to what constitutes the ability of the gardener who is thoroughly proficient in his profession — to disabuse the public mind of the mis- taken notion that simply because a man knows how to mow a lawn and dig potatoes he is entitled to the title of gardener ; and to promote a greater appreciation, on the part of those who employ them, of the value of the serv- ices gardeners render ; to arouse a keener general interest in what the gardener produces ; and, finally, to provide for the gardener, not so situated as to be able to acquire scientific knowledge through a college course, oppor- tunities through their own societies to obtain this educa- tion to apply to their practical experience. The gardeners' co-operative movement is entitled not only to the support of the gardeners, but of all interests allied with the gardening profession. Its sponsors rec- ognize that the plan is no small undertaking and that it needs the boosts of the friends of the profession, as well as the "knocks" of its critics, to bring to it the publicity it desires and deserves. THE IMPORTANT MAN. You are important if you put yourself in the way ol important things to be done — and do them. The years, since history began, have produced dreamers and air castle builders, whose imaginary achievements would have astounded the world had they actually put their mind pictures into reality. But all along, such have breathed out their span and died ordinary and unknown. The Important RIan is he who puts his dreams and great imaginations into works. The men who pave our streets and plough our soil, and run our machines, and write our iDooks — and who do whatsoever useful things that come to hand — are im- portant men. The task is not always indicative of the importance of the man. But the man is always indicative of the importance of the task. Your future importance depends upon the importance you place in the things you now do. — Philadelphia Bulletin. THE ONLY WAY. There's onlv one method of meeting life's test, Jes' keep on a strivin' and hope for the best. Don't give up the game and retire in dismay, 'Cause hammers are thrown when you like a bouquet. This world would be tiresome ; we'd all get the blues, If all the folks in it held just the same views. So finish your work, show the best of your skill. Some folks won't like it. but other folks will. If you're leading an army, or building a fence. Do the most that you can with your own common sense. One small word of praise in this journey of tears, Outweighs in the balance 'gainst a cart load of sneers. The plants that we're passin' as common place weeds Oft prove to be jes' what some suff'erer needs. So keep on agoin', don't stay standin' still. Some people won't like it. but other folk? will. — Philosophy of William F. Gude. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 49 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION NOTES M. C. EBEL, Secretary, MADISON, N. J. THE SUMMER MEETING The summer meeting of the associati(jn will he held in Boston during the convention of the Society of Ameri- can Florists and Ornamental Horticulturists. This deci- sion was reached at the last meeting of the executive board. Many gardeners are members of both organiza- tions and it will give them an opportunity to attend the meetings of both bodies. The program of the meeting- will be published in the next issue of the Chronicle. It is expected that a number of speakers, men who have gained prominence in the horticultural world, will ad- dress the gardeners on topics in which they will be di- rectly interested. Members intending to attend the meeting going via New York, will find the outside route to Boston a most enjoyable one; leaving New York ^Monday afternoon, August 16, at five o'clock and arriving at Boston the next morning at eight o'clock. This route has also been se- lected by the New York Florists' Club, which will jour- ney to Bo.ston on the same steamer as the members of the National Association of Gardeners. Those who expect to attend the meeting and who de- cide to join the partv giii_i;to)i Star. PARTS OF A FLOWER. The various parts of a fluwcr are louked npnn by botanists as being modified leaves. The outside covering of the flower bud is termed the "calyx." Its purpose is to protect the more tender parts within, and it is generally green in color and quite leaf-like in texture. Within the calv.x, the next row of leaves constitute the "corolla,'' each leaf being called a "petal," These are generally white or of some brilliant color, and not only serve as a protection to the inner parts, but by their bright color attract insects which assist in pollination. Within the corolla the next row of modified leaves are the "stamens," which at their tips bear small yellow or brown pouch-like vessels called the "anthers," and which contain the male element or "pollen." \\^ithin the circle of stamens is one or more slender greenish stems called the "pistil," the outer end of which is more or less en- larged anci sticky on the upper surface. This enlarged portion is the "stigma." At the lower end the pistil is considerably swollen and is called the ovary. This devel- ops into the fruit or seed pod, and within it are the ovules, which, after pollination, become the seeds. The Gardeners' Co-operative Movement Co-operation between the National Association of Gardeners and the gardeners' local societies had its incep- tion at the meeting" of the executive board of the gar- deners' national organization held in New Vork in Janua- ry last. The prevading opinion at that meetuig was that the association had reached a state where it is to be re- garded as solidly founded, recognized as an influential factor in ornamental horticulture, with a membership representative of the best element within the gardening profession — and that the time had arrived for it to take some definite action to benefit the profession which it represents. Co-operating with the local societies, it was agreed, would afford the greatest opportunities for effective work of national scope ; thus it was decided to communicate with the different local societies throughout the country to obtain their views on such a movement. The response was so favorable that at the meeting of the executive board held in Philadelphia, in April, the co-operative plan was placed into being and an invitation was extended to the local societies to have those desiring to participate in the movement appoint a committee of three members of their society to work in conjunction with the committee of the national association, which committee is to be known as the National Co-operative Committee. As enough of the local societies have already appointed committees to assure sufficient support from different parts of the coun- try to make the movement a success the National Com- mittee is preparing to begin its activity in the early fall, being now engaged in working out the details of its campaign. : Just what can be attained through a co-operative move- ment between the local societies and conducted through a national source cannot be foretold, for it will depend largely on the interest taken by those who engage in it. If the various committees can be sufificientl}- interested to seriously engage in the work before them much can be accomplished for the good of the gardening profession as a whole ; and incidentally for the development of the local societies themselves. It will require whole-souled energy on the part of those entrusted with the undertak- ing to produce the expected results. Half-hearted effort will not aid but will retard the cause. There are those who regard possible success of this movement which in- volves relying on scattered sources with much scepticism ; but I believe that there are members in every gardeners' society who, if they find that they can serve their profes- sion, will willingly give the time to do so; and who can be relied on to perform the functions of a committee which a movement such as the one under discussion will call for. The membership roll of the National Association of Gardeners spreads over practically every state in the Union so that its mission is not in any sense a local one. but is a national one ; while the influence of a local society is in most instances confined to the sphere of the com- mimity in which it is located. The gardeners' problems concern both their national and local societies and work- ing out their solution is the business of both of them. Conditions in all communities are not alike, but the un- favorable ones where they do exist are closely related in most cases. Through co-operation many of the condi- tions may be improved. To strengthen the profession conditions governing it should be more uniform ; more alike in every direction that the profession reaches. By studying the general conditions systematicallv, endeavor- ing to eliminate the bad and trying to better the good in them, the profession cannot fail to benefit : and such benefit will reflect in the individuals who are entitled to the calling of gardener. .Most garaeuers, especially the younger men who are not yet nrmiy establisned, are as much interested m the probable cou.pensation they will derive trom their pro- lession as tney are m any other phase which enters mio it, and this is but human nature ; lor experience has taugnt that It costs to live, although now and tnen the sentimen- tally inclined suggest that the gardener must find his real compensation in the joy he derives out of his vocation. Opportunity is presenting itself for a campaign of educa- tion in a co-operative way for improving what is now a very unsatisfactory situation ; for it is only too true that the gardeners themselves are as much to blame as are the employers, for the poor remuneration that comes to so many of them and which often is out of all proportion to the responsibilities they are expected to assume. To substantiate this contention it is only necessary to allude to the practice of many gardeners when seeking a posi- tion, who, on learning of a vacancy, file their applications specifying salary expected, without considering as to whether the position applied for warrants a better salary than asked, or whetfier they are even qualified to apply for it. They have simply made up their mind to secure the position if they can and have just one object in mind — to get employment at so much a month. Through this practice many good opportunities have been spoiled and as a consequence thereof estate owners engaging un- fitted men have become disgusted with their experience in attempting to maintain country estates ; and they are frequently wont to blame the profession as a whole for their experience with a fe\v individuals in it. To educate the estate owner that a gardener thoroughly efficient in his profession is entitled to more than the most of them are disposed to pay will make it necessary to strike at the root of the evil. The fact must be made known to these owners that the men who proffer their services for small pay almost invariably are small men in the profession : that a capable gardener is entitled to, and expects proper compensation for his services, just as do the capable men in other professions. It should not be amiss to suggest here that salaries within the gardening profession can never be regulated, or fixed, as some choose to call it, either through co-operation or by means of any other methods. Professional gardening will always be looked upon as acquired lu.xury by those who employ it and not as a fixed necessity. This will prohibit the enforcement of any regulations such as gov- ern trades and labor in general, and those who are pos- sessed of the knowledge and skill required of the thor- ough gardener must rejoice over the fact that they are above the domination of such reg^ulations. What is nec- essary is to establish a closer relationship between em- ployer and gardener ; and to instill a greater confidence in the gardeners' ability ; and to arouse a greater interest on the part of the owner in wdiat his gardener is produc- ing for him. When this confidence and interest is once properly created, the relationship of employer and gar- dener will become such that compensation will be a mat- ter of individual adiustment and not to be fixed as is from time to time advocated that is should be. That the profession has not gained the recognition to which it is justly entitled, is due to the almost total ignor- ance of people as a whole regarding the essentials to properlv fit a man for the calling of gardener ; for it is commonly accepted that any man who can hoe, dig and sow is qualified to pass as a gardener. Only few people know of the years that must be spent in hard work and THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 53 study before one can even yain a fair knowledoe of the fundamentals of this profession ; and what learning a gardener must acquire before he can declare — I am a master of my vocation! It remains with the gardener to disabuse the minds of people that gardening is but little more than ordinary labor and to teach them that it is based on scientific principles, obtained only through long practical training. And how can you better elevate this profession in the eyes of those who do not yet know it as such, than through co-operating to bring your ac- complishments nearer home to them through the activi- ties of your national association and local societies? Let us turn to the local societies whose influence to-day is restricted to the communities they serve. Is there any reason to doubt that through co-operation with the nation- al association their influence, which is now purely local, could be made nation wide? Is there any reason why through such co-operation the gardeners' national and local societies should not be able in time to wield a similar influence as do the legal and medical societies and those of other sciences? These professions have been devel- oped by the organizations which represent them ; and their interests are now being carefully guarded through these organizations, which in almost every instance con- stitute a national and local societies working in conjunc- tion and in harmony with each other. What these organ- izations have done and are doing for their respective professions can also be accomplished for the gardening profession if the same persistent efl^ort is put forth that they employed. The local problems of a profession can usually be coped with by the local body. But those prob- lems which concern the profession as a whole require united application to work out their solution. Lentil a profession is thoroughly organized this is difficult to attain ; but once the national and local associations be- come co-operative, a base is established which provides the munitions for concerted action, and prepares the way for the profession's aggrandizement whenever the oppor- tunity presents; and for its defense if occasion requires. The educational possibilities and benefits that are to be derived from closer association between the national and local bodies must not be overlooked. A contributor to the horticultural press, himself an eminent gardener, recently wrote : "If the profession wishes to obtain that full and complete recognition to which its requirements and knowledge entitle it. still further steps must be taken to place itself in the professional class by acknowl- edging the value and necessity of scientific attain- ments. Men are graduating every year from agricul- tural colleges who on that account consider them- selves fitted for the position of private 'estate man- agers. Employers too are in many cases under the impression that a college man is necessarily better than one without college education. Al- though plenty of instances can be found where college men have fallen down when they have at- tempted to run either a farm or garden, this has not been because of, but in spite of, their college educa- tion. To produce the best results practice must be combined with science so that a man may have a knowledge of the why and how of what he does. A man with practical experience who will take the trouble to acquire a working knowledge of the scien- tific principles of his profession can do so with great- er benefit to his practice than a man starting to learn these principles without any practical knowledge whatever. . . . Whatever value the experienced gardener may himself place upon the knowledge and skill gained through years of study and practical work he must make up his mind that scientific educa- tion has come to stay and act accordingly." What this writer states is a condition that the gardener of the future will have to contend with even more so than the gardener of to-day, and he must prepare himself for it. The young men serving their apprenticeship, and all others not too old to learn, should be encouraged in seek- ing scientific knowledge w'hich they might apply to their practical experience. Most of them cannot seek it at col- lege, so their local society should be their source to which they might look for at least part of this education which the\- cannot obtain through their manual training. Some of the stronger local societies have in the past conducted successful class studies in various departments of horti- culture, and if sufficient interest should manifest itself, it would be no stupendous task to inaugurate a regular system of teaching in which all the local societies might participate ; and the installation of such a system should in time lead to the adoption, by the national association, of a plan similar to that of the Royal Horticultural Socie- ty of England, providing for examinations to gain an association's diploma, which should bring to the posses- sor distinction in his profession. Through an exchange of views and the disseminating of reports of the doings of local societies, the experience of one may aid others and the accounting of the upbuild- ing and success of the strong may prove helpful to the weak. It pays to advertise! This axiom is as applicable to a profession as it is to a business or to an individual. The other sciences seize every opportunity to keep before the iniblic eve, and the time is at hand when the oldest of all the professions must attempt to get before the public eye and remain before it. As an example, take the_ flower shows. Thousands attend, admire the Ix-auty of flowers and plants, but how many give one thought to the skill that creates them ? You ask why do they ignore this? Because little is known of the profession that makes flower shows possible. Publicity of it must no longer be confined to the horticultural press alone. _ Its progress must be heralded broadcast. It is a national task, not local, and will require the co-operation of the national and local forces. In what I have presented in behalf of anl.v .lii.'t rr.iMi thi' kn;;,st iiii|...rtiTs c.I g = Tlllips. ny;iiiiitlis. N;ir. ;.;-^lls, Lilir> ;iiiil liTiitiy uUii-l* litlllts. = I WEITE FOR SPECIAL ADVANCE PRICE LIST. | I VAUGHAN'S SEED STORE | I CHICAGO, 31 W. Randolph St. NEW YORK. 43 Barclay St. 1 ^riiiiiiiiiiliiiliilliliilililiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiimiuiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiu mijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii miiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiil; 1 17 AD C A I 17 • 9 I'OGS in resting position; 3 ft. high, 5'/. ft. long rUIX. Ui\LEi. L ROOSTERS 18 inches high /'^ ROWN of Boxwood, very dens*- ; clipped very effective for lawn, Italian or formal ^^ gardens. For immediate shipmtnl. On exhibition C. Zeller & Sons Nurseries, Flat- bush. Brooklyn. N. Y. Write for prices to AUGUST ROLKER & SONS, 5 I Barclay Street. NEW YORK. American Ageata for Terra Nova Nurseries. Aaismeer. Holland, largest growers of assorted lopiaiy stock. Pot Grown Peach and Nectarine Trees for sale — for lack of room. All are in first-class condition and Riners's stock. Write for prices and list of varieties. A. A. MACDONALD Duke's Farm, Somerville, N. J. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 59 NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS National Association of Gardeners. M. C. Ebel, secretary, Madison, N, J. Society of American Florists and Orna- mental Horticulturists. John Young, secretary, 54 West 28th street, New York. American Carnation Society. A. F. J. Bauer, secretary, Indianapolis, Ind. American Gladiolus Society. I.. .Mrrtim Ciagc, sciTctary, Wellosk-y, Mass. American Peony Society. A. B. Saunders, secretary, Clinton, N. Y. American Rose Society. B. Hammond, secretary, Fishkill, N. Y. American Sweet Pea Society. H. A. Bunyard, secretary, 342 West 14th street, New York. Chrysanthemum Society of America. Charles W. Johnson, secretary, Morgan Park, 111. LOCAL SOCIETIES Bernardsville Horticultural Society. W. G. Carter, secretary, Bernardsville, N. J. Meets first Tluirsda.v every month. Hor- ticultural Hall, Bernardsville, N. J. Boston Gardeners' and Florists' Club. William N. Craig, secrptnr.v, I'rookline, Mass. Meets third Tuesday every month, Horti- cultural Hall, Boston, Mass., 8 p. m. Connecticut Horticultural Society. Alfred Dixon, secretary, Wethersfield, Conn. Meets second and fourth Fridays every month. County Building, Hartford, Conn., 8 p. m. Dutchess County Horticultural Society. Herbert O. f'ntlari. sciciarv. W.-ipiiinsi'V Fails. Meets at Pouslikcoiisie, N. Y., second Wednesday every month except May and June. • Elberon Horticultural Society. George Massnn, .spcrolary, O.iklinrst, N. J. Meets first Monday every month. Fire Hall, Elberon, N. J., 8 p. m. Florists' and Gardeners' Club of Holyoke and Northampton, Mass. James Whiting, secretary, Amherst, Mass. Meets second Tuesday every month. The Garden Club of Michigan. Mrs. Edward H. Parker, secretary, 139 Sey- burn avenue, Detroit, Mich. The corresponding secretary will notify members of date and place of meetings. Gardeners' and Florists' Club of Baltimore. N. F. Flittin, secretary, Pdterson Park, Baltimore, Md. Meets second and fourth Monday every month. Florist Exchange Hall. The Horticultural Society of New York. Geo. V. N.nsh. sefretnrv. Bronx Park. New York City. Meets monthly irregular, Mnv to Octo- ber. New York BotanicTl Oarden. Bronx Park. New York. November to April, Americ.Tn Mii^enni of Natural History, 77th street and Colnmbiia avenue, New York. Lake Geneva Gardeners' aud Foremen's Association. W. H. Griffits, secretary. Lake Geneva, Wis. Meets first and third Saturday every month, October to April; first Saturday every month. May to September, Horticul- tural Hall. Lenox Horticultural Society. G. II. Instone, secretary, Leno.x, Mass. Meets first Saturday every month. Los Angeles County Horticultural Society. Henry W. Kruckeberg, sccrclary. Meets first Tuesday every month. Massachusetts Horticultural Society. William P. Rich, secretary, 300 Massachu- setts avenue, Boston, Mass. Monmouth County Horticultural Society. Harry Kettle, secretary, Fairhaven, N. J. Meets fourth Friday every month, Mon- mouth Bout Club, Red Bank; N. J. Montreal Gardeners' and Florists' Club. W. II. Ilorobin, secretary, 283 Marquette street. Meets first Monday every month, Mon- treal Florists Exchange. Morris County Florists' and Gardeners' Society. Edward J. Reagan, secretary, Morristown, N. J. Meets at Madison, N. J., second Wednes- day every month, except July and August, 8 p. m. Nassau County Horticultural Society. Ernest Westlake, secretary. Glen Cove, N. Y. Meets second Wednesday every month, Pi'iubrokc Hall, Glen Cove, N. \'., C p. m. New Bedford Horticultural Society. Jeremiah M. Tabor, secretary. Meets first Monday every month. New Jersey Floricultural Society. Geo. W. Strange, secretary, 216 Main street, Orange, N. J. Meets first Monday every month, Jr. 0. W. A. M. Hall, Orange, N. J., S p. m. New London Horticultural Society. John Humphrey, secretary. New London. Conn. Meets second Thursday every month. .SR Main street, New London, Conn. Newport Horticultural Society. \\'in, Giay, secretary. Newpnit. H. I. Meets second and fourth Tuesday every month. : — New York Florist Club. John Young, secretary, 54 W. 2S(h street, New York. IVicets second Monday every month. Grand Opera House. North Shore Horticultural Society. Jas. Slater, .secretary, Manchester, Mass. Meets first and third Fridays every month. North Shore Horticultural Society. E. Bollingpr. scpretary, Lake Forest. 111. Meets first Friday every nionlli, City Hall. North Westchester County Horticultural and Agricultural Society. M. J. O'Brien, secretary, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. Meets third Thursday every month, ex- cept June, July and August, at 8 p. m.: December, January and February, 3 p. in.. Odd Fellows Hall, Mt. Kiaco. Oyster Bay Horticultural Society. Fre.l Kirkliam. secretary. Glen Head, N. Y. Meets fourth Friday every moTith, Board of Trade. Oyster Bny] N. Y.'. 8 p. m Pacific Coast Horticultural Society. W. A. llofinghoff, secretary, 7U Westbank BIdg. Meets first Saturday every month, Red-, men's Bldg. Pasadena Horticultural Society. Geo. B. Kennedy, secretary, 497 Bradford street, Pasadena, Cal. Meets first and fourth Friday every month. Paterson Floricultural Society. Sebastian Hubschmitt, secretary, 61 Seventh avenue, Paterson, N. J. Meets first Tuesday every month, Ro- maine Building, 8 p. m. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Meets third Tuesday every month. Horti- cultural Hall, 8 p. m. People's Park Cottage Gardeners' Associa- tion. John Ainscough, secretary, 4 Chestnut street, Paterson, N. J. Meets first and last Friday every month. Working Man's Institute, Madison avenue, Paterson, N. J. Philadelphia Florists' Club. David Rust, secretary, Broad and Locust streets, Philadelphia, Pa. Meets first Tuesday every month, Horti cultural Hall, Philadelphia, Pa., 8 p. m. The Pittsburgh Florists' and Gardeners' Club. H. P. Joslin, secretary, Ben Avon, Pa. Meets first Thursday every month. Fort Pitt Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa. Rhode Island Horticultural Society. A. C. Miller, secretary, 7 Irving avenue, Providence, R. I. Meets fourth Monday every uiontli, Provi- dence Public Library. H p. ui. Shelter Island Horticultural and Agricul- tural Society. Fred Kirkham. secretary. Shelter Island, N. Y. Meets first and third Thursdays every month. Southampton Horticultural Society. William McLeod, secretary. Meets first Thursday every month. Me morial Hall, Southampton, N. Y. Tarrytown Horticultural Society. E. W. Neubrand, secretary, Tarytown, N. Y Meets last Tuesday every month, except December, Corporation Building, Tarrytown, N. Y., 7:30 p. m. Annual meeting last Thursday in December. Tuxedo Horticultural Society. Thomas Wilson, secretary. Tuxedo Park. N. Y. Meets first Wednesday every month, Par- iah House, Tuxedo Park. Washington, D. C, Florist Club. J. L. Mayberry, secretary, Washington D. C. Meets first Monday every month. Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society. J. B. McArdle, secretary, Greenwich, Conn Meets second Friday every month. Dor all's Hall, Greenwich. Conn., 8 p. m. Yonkers Horticultural Society Tbos. Mahoney, secretary, Yonkera, N. Y. Meets first Friday every month, Holly wood Inn, Yonkers, N. Y., 8 p. m. 60 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. GARDENERS DIARY American Institute, Xi-w York. Ualilia sliow, .Septenilier 22-24. Llii ysanthemum sliow. Xovfiuber 4-(i. American Peony Society. Anmi:il Peony show, American Art Institnto, t'liiiML;^. 111.. ..Tune 12- 13. American Sweet Pea Society. Sweet Poa Show. American JMuseum of Natural His- tory, June 27 and 28. Elberon Horticultural Society. Chry- santhemum sliow. Asliurj- Park, .V. .T., No- vemlier 3. 4, 5. Lancaster County Florists' Club, Lancas- ter, Pa. Kail show, Xoveniber ."i 7. Lenox Horticultural Society, Leno.x, Mass. .Summer Show. July 22 and 23. Fall Show. October 22 and 23. Massachusetts Horticultural Society, llor- ticultiual Hall, lioston, Mass. Sweet pea show, July 11-12. (iladiolus show, Au<;iist 8-9. Dahlia show, September 12-13. Fruit and vegetable show, October 3-4. Clny- santhemum show, November .5-8. A Bright New Book of 182 Pages for 1914 Telling the Plain Truth about BURPEE- QUALITY SEEDS, is mailed Free of Cost to Gardeners everywhere upon Application to W. ATLEE BURPEE & CO., Burpee Buildings, Philadelphia Dutliie hrst for pot of Calceolaria, and Frank Setroecia first for String Beans. Frank Kyle Thanks of Society for Iris: A. Walker Cultural Certificate for some ex- tra fine Darwin Tulijis. and James Duckham Tlianks of Society for a fine collection of named Iris. James Duthie spoke on the growing of Calceolaria and the otlier exhibitors gave some information on the growing of their exhibits. A verv interesting discussion arose con- cerning the caterpillars that are destroying the oaks and hickory in this section and it was unanimously voted that the society do all in their power to combat the same. It was also agreed to use the scale of points in the forthcoming shows. FRED KIRIs:HAM, Secy. Monmouth County Horticultural Society. Fall Show, Red I'.ank, N. J.. October 28 and 20. Morris County Gardeners' and Florists' Club. Fall show, .Mailisiin, .\. .1., October 28, 29. Nassau County Horticultural Society, (ilen Cove, N. Y. liose sliow. .Iiiiic !). Dahlia show. October 0. (In \ saiitlHiiinni sliow, Octolier 2!), 30. New Jersey Floricultural Society. Sweet Pea Sliow, Orange, N. J., July — . Dahlia and fruit show, Octolx'r — . Newport Horticultural Society, Newport. H. I. .June show, June 24 and 2."). Suiunier show, August 12 and 13. Oyster Bay Horticultural Society, Oyster Pay, N. Y. Sunimer show, June 18, Dahlia show, September 30-r)ctolier 1. Chr\'santhe- nium show, Octolier 30. Royal Horticultural Society, London. England. Spring show, Clielsea. Ma.y 10-21; Summer show, Holland House, June 30- .July 1-2. Society of American Florists. Out -door exliiliitidii, I'.ostoii. Mass., .Vnyiist l.S-21. Westchester and Fairfield Horticultural Society. Fall show. New Hoelielle. N. Y. OYSTER BAY HORTICULTURAL SO- CIETY, The regular meeting of the Oyster Bay Horticultural Society was held on ilay 27, 1014, witli .1. T. Ingi-am in the cluiir. \Vm. Alex Proctor, Charles Zanor, Itocco Y'anuchi and W. W. Hutchinson, Jr.. were elected to membersliip, while three petitions for membershi]) were received. There were some fine exhibits of fiowers, and John Devine received the society's prize for a fine vase of Lilacs, Mme. Lemonie. .lames NASSAU COUNTY HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, The niontlily meeting of the Nassau County Horticultural Society was. held Wednesday, June 10, at Pembroke Hall, Glen Cove, President H. Gaut in the chair. Messrs. C'has. Parr and Henry Wenzel, both of (ilen Cove, were elected to active mem- bership, and there were two petitions for membership received. Mrs. W. H. Porter, (ilen Cove, was elected as an honorary mem ber. Special prizes for the society's shows were received from A. (i. Hodcnpyle, lilsq. Locust Valley, and Hitchings & Co.. Eliza- beth, N. J. John Schepiiers & Co. donated .$50 a.s a special prize for Darwin Tulips for next spring. Judges for the monthlv ex hibits: S. J. Trepess. .1. Adlcr and W. Hiit- ton. Awards were made as follows: 12 H. P. Roses, 1 varietv, F. Honevman first. 12 largest strawberries, Hy, Jones first. 12 mixed Peonies, Hy. .lones first. Honorable mention was awarded to the following: H. fJaut. for 3 vases Sweet Peas. II. Boettcher for 1 vase mixed Sweet Peas. H. Boettcher for vase Aquilegia Chry- santa. W. Gray for bunch asparagus. Certificate of culture, John Scheppers & Co., collection of Peonies. Mr. James Duthie, Oyster Bay, who is a past master in tlie art of Dalilia culture, gave an interesting and instructive essay on Dahlias for exhibition, cutting for the house and garden decoration, which was very much enjoyed by all present. At the close Mr. Duthie was given a very liearty vote of thanks. Exhibits for next meeting, Wedncsdav, July S. Sweet Pea night, 12 pink, 12 white a 11(1 12 anv other color. HARRY .TONES, Corresponding Secretary. meeting to order promptly at S o'clock. Two new' members were elected and sev- eral propositions for membership were re- ceived. Several letters were read from friends of the society ofi'ering substantial additions to the premium lists of both sunimer and fall .shows to be held by the society. The Exhibition Committee re- ported everytliing in readiness for the sunimer show to lie held on the hospital grounds at Portehester. N. Y.. June 10 and 20. An attractive schedule has been issued. and we trust tliat there will lie a large dis- play of flowers, fruits and vegetables. The F'all Show Committee reported progress. Mr. M. C. Ebel, secretary of the Nation- al -Association of Gardeners, was present, and came prepared to discuss the co-oper- ative movement now in preparation be- tween the local societies and the national body, and explain any features of the move- ment of which the members of our society were not conversant. Jlr. Ebel read the report of the proceed- ings of the meeting recently held by tlie Co-operative Committee of the National Association and added his personal plea for the support of- the Westchester and Fair- field Society urged the members present to consider the question carefully. Consider- able interest was manifested in the speak- er's remarks, and after a lively discussion it was unanimously decided that the West- chester and Fairfield Society would support any movement tending to the advancement of horticulture and of the gardening fra- ternity. The president accordingly appoint- ed a committee of three members who will endeavor to look after local conditions and work in conjunction with the Co-operative Committee of the N. A. G. It is not to be expected that this movement is to be a THE WESTCHESTER AND FAIRFIELD HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. There was a fine attendance of members present at the regular monthly meeting of the Westchester and Fairfiehl 'Horticultural Society at their rooms in Doran's Hall. Greenwich, Conn., Friday evening, .Inne 12. President Robert Williamson called the Th E ANixmmMm June is the Joy Month at Andorra The gnrs'"'"!-^ Ilowr-r «lisitlfiy. fiiraiiist tile irlowinj: :iutl variant ;;re(.'ii nnd silver of evcrsi't't-u and tret*, ninkc thcso uiii(|iio nurscriis a vast livinK cataIoy;ue of the plants nru] sbrnlis that are I>ost to .'Klorn the lifniie. See Aii'lorra in June — it will be an ex- in [ii'iice. By train, by trolley, by aiito- inobile over perl'ect roads; conjo to An- dorra. Or write us now for immediate help, 'ir for [ilans to wfirk rnit in summer or C.ill. We arc here tn servi' — that is the Andorra Way. Our new plantintr booklet is ready — may wo send a copy to you? ANDORRA NURSERIES Wm. Warner Harper. Proprielor Boi 0, Chestnut Hill, Pbiladelphia, Pa. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 61 '■(•lire all" for everytliiiig afrertiiij; tlie con- dition of the gardener — the fixing of wages, hours, etc. — and slioidd not he coiifonnded with the lahor unionism which olitains with more or less success in the hnihlinj; trades and otlier lines. We feel that the i|nestion of wages, etc., on private estates will al- ways remain a matter for personal adjust- ment hetween the gardener and liis em- ployer, governed entirely liy the reipiire- ments of the position and the qualifications of the gardener. The advancement of horti- culture in Atnerica i.s not a passing fancy, but is growing every year to greater jiro- portions. Perhaps the co-operative move- ment may not henelit tlic profession im- mediately, hut surely will in the near fu- ture. The nature studies in the pul)lic schools, special courses in the colleges, the widespread garden chih movement, are all important factors, and we think tliat the sun has surely set on the day of the horse and cow variety of gardener and the handy man type, who are now in cliarge of what should he good positions. The educa- tion of tlie pulilic will reU'gatc these "land- scape destroyers" to tlieir proper ]iositions. and the men witli tlic intelligence rei|uired of the successful gardener and conscientious worker in horticulture will occupy the posi- tions of trust with a good salary and not he in danger of being classed as a common laborer vvlien he refers to himself as a gar- dener. It looks very rosy in itrint, "boys," but we do not think it im])ossilile. An attractive feature of this meeting was tiie c-om])ctition ojicn to assistant gardeners only for the silver first ]irize and Ijronze second prize medals offered by the H. F. Michell Company of Philadelphia, Pa., for the best arranged centerpiece for a dinner table composed of outdoor fiowers and foli- age to be arranged in the hall. Tliere were four contestants, and the result was four very neat, tasteful and artistic arrange- ments The first prize was awarded to David B. Ridpath. assistant to .James Stuart. Mamaroneck, N. Y.; second prize awarded to Andrew P. Clarkson. who is with Alex, ilarshall. Portchester. X. Y. Xeil Maclnnes, of JIaniaroneck, and Adam Smith, of R.ye, X. Y., were each accorded a hearty vote of thanks. The usual non- competitive exhibits were not so lunnerous at tliis meeting, but were of fine qmility. Alex. Jlarshall was awarded a cultural cer- tificate for a splendid specimen jilant of Miltonia Vexillaria; the same for a fine spray of Cattle.va ilendeli. Thomas Aitche- son was highly commended for a fine speci- men plant of Oncidium Wentworthiannum. P. \V. Popp was awarded a vote of thanks for a vase of liard.v roses, clindjing Ameri- can Beauty, novelty of recent introdvution. This variety makes a good pillar rose, and is a clean grower. \Yill become popular wlien lietter known. X'ext meeting will be .hilv 111, ini4. P. \V. POPP. and also Mr. Baeran. of the Sanders Kstate. .John .Maloney. gardener to the (Uithrie Es- tate, had arranged an ex(|uisite vase of Iris, etc. Stanley .Ionian sliowed snapdragon "Hanisliurg Piid<." also tlie sweet-scented Lilian Monadelphum from tlie Hardy gar- den. The schedule for 11114 is now ready and mav be olitained from tlie secrctarN', .lohn lliiiiipliicy. .STAXLEV .l(tl;'l).\X. TUXEDO HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Tlie monthly meeting of the Tuxedo Hor- ticultural Society was held in the Parish House on .lune :i. President David Mclntiish in the chair. The secretary of the Ball t'omniittee gave his report, the ball being a great financial success and one of the finest the society ha~ ever held. A letter from tlie Xational Associatiim of (iardeners was read asking us to ap- point a committee of three to work in co- operation with the co-operative coiumittee of the X. A. (i. Messrs. Tansey, Jlillar and T. Wilson were appointed on that com- mittee. The Executive Committee has had the preliminary schedule printed, and any one who wishes a copy can have same liy ajijdying to the secretary. riie Fall Show which is to lie held in the Tuxedo clubhouse on October 30 and 'SI and Xovember 1, is shaping to be one of the finest the society has ever held. We had with iis Mr. J. A. Midler, of .lulus Hoelirs Company, wlio read a very instruct- ive paper on the culture of Orchids, ilr. Midler had with him some very nice blooms of the rare varieties of Cattleyas, Jliltonias. Odontoglossums and Oncidiums. anil showed many of the others on ]dioto- grajilis. Tlie ])aper was thoroughly enjoyed by all those |)resent, as Mr. Muller cer- tainly did his subject justice. Three new meinliers were elected to meiii- liership — Tliomas Knight, Alexander Kiiy and Harry Watson. An e.\liibit of twelve spikes of Eremuriis llimaliacus was staged by Mr. Emile Bartli. wliich the judges awarded a certificate of lulture. The society will discontinue tlieii miiiitlilv meetings during .lulv and .August. THOS. WILSOX. Secretarv. NEW LONDON HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The regular muntlily meeting of the X'ew London Horticultural Society was held in its rooms in Main street. Thursday. -IiHie 11. President Fuller presided. .\fter the usual business ceremon,v President Fuller introduced Miss Amy Cogswell, of Xorwich. who gave a most interesting essay on the early gardens of Xew England, also touch- ing upon English gardens of the Stuart and Cromwell periods. The lecturer was given a rising vote of thanks. Messrs, .Tordan. Flowc's. Baeran. Smith and ilaloney niadi' up some fine exhibits. Sweet jieas from open gardens were shown by Mr. Flowers TARRYTOWN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. .\ regular monthly meeting of the Tarry- tow u Horticultural Society was held Ma> •ill. President Elliott presiding. A beauti- ful display of flowers cut fnini hanly shrubs and herbaceous was staged, diidges .\looiiey and Featherstone awarded first prize to Jlr. D. 0. L. Reid (A. (iolding. superintendent), and second prize to ^!iss B. Potter ({;. Wittlinger. superintendciit i A cultural certificate was awarded tn .Mi D. (J. L. Iteid (T. Morris, gardener) for a vase of Mrs. Hugh Dickson's sweet peas, and one to Mr. W. H. Thompson (S. 1{. Candler. su])erintendent ). for a plant of cattleya jigos. and a certificate of merit for new ilarguerite sport of Mrs. Saunders. Mrs. C. Wilson received honorable iiinitiiiii for a vase of pink snapdragons, and a \ote of thanks was extended to Mr. A. (lidding for a liouipiet of wild (lowers and a vase of wild cyprediuins. Several new mcnibeis were admitted to membership at this niect- in-. THOS. A. LEE. Rep. Sec'y. LIBRARY LIKE ROSE GARDEN. ^larked success crowned the annual rose exliibition at the Public Library, Railway. X'. J., recently, the largest number and most beautiful specimens yet shown being in evi- dence. .All parts of the city were repre- sented by the exhibitors, .\nioiig tile larg- est and most attractive collections were tliiisc of E. M. Squier and .Miss Henrietta Dutzert, the former having lifty-five and the latter fifiy-two varieties. The ••Entende Cordele" variety shown by :\liss Dotzert was one oi the most unusual spcciniens ex- liibited. Otlier exhibitors were as follows: Mrs. H. Kip Woodrutf, sixteen varieties; Fred Car- lioiiati. scM'iitceii; .Mr-. W. H. Cloke, nine; .1. .Malcolm Hrookfield, ten: .Miss Annie Shotwell, seven; Miss A. W. Lupton and iliss Helen Clarkson, six each ; Mrs. J. A. MacClary, five; Jlrs. .John B. Labat, -Aveiiel. eight; .Joseph Urmston. twenty; Mrs. .J. L. Brown, six; .}. W. Saling. five; Mrs. William Terrill, four; Jliss Lizzie Oartluvaite, two; K. H. Rol])h, one; .Mrs. Haas, one; al.so a large collection of poppies and sweet Will- iam; Mrs. Edward S. Savage, collection of .Spanish Iris. — .Tournal. LENOX HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The regular niunthly meeting of tlie Lenox Horticultural Society was held in the Town Hall, Lenox, on Saturday evening, •lime li. President JlcConnachie occiqiied the chair, and there was a good turnout of the members. Mr. E. Edwards was elected a member. A committee of three were ap- pointed to co-operate with the Xational As- sociation of (iardeners. namely. Mr. A. .1. Loveless. Mr. E. Jenkins. Mr. S. W, Carl- quist. Mr. Thomas Procter was awarded a certificate of merit for Clarkia (yueeii JIary) and a diploma for clarkia (Salmon Queen). President .AlcCmnachie then in- troduced Mr. Burton .\. Cates, assistant lirofessor in bee keejiing at Jlassachusetts .•Agricultural College, who gave a \'ery in- teresting lecture entitled "More Bees for .Massachusetts." Mr. (iates said bee keep- iiiL! was the oldest ait uiidei- the sun, and wa- lirst introduced into .America tlinuigh the pint of Boston in Ki.'!-;. The speaker also mentioned how \aluable bees were to the fiiiit griiuer iiii lertilizatioii of various fruits such as nieluii-. craiilienies. ele. To keep bees tliroiigli the long severe winter used to be \ciy trying to the bee keeper, but liy Using modern methods all the dilh- culties have been overcome. He also said that the best type of bee is the Italian bee. \'ari(nis questions were asked Mr. (iates after the lecture which he seemed only too pleased to answer, and at the linish he was accorded a rising vote of thanks. JOHX Mm;. -■Assistant Secretary. I ALPHANO HUMUS I Nature's Soil Builder | Send for Convincement Book = AlgK a no Hu nxus 1 7 G. Battery Place. New York 62 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. BON ARBOR Awarded Diploma and Silver Medal at 1912 Royal International Exhibition, London, Eng. BON ARBOR NO. 1 will keep your Tennis Courts and Lawns green in the hottest weather. Will grow Lettuce, Celery, Cauliflower, and anything that matures above the ground to the finest perfection. VVe can prove it. Bon Arbor No. 1 is put up as follows: Package making 15 gallons, by mail $0.30 Package making 30 gallons, by mail 55 5 lb. package making 150 gallons, exp. extra 1.80 25 lb. package making I'iO gallons. exp. extra 6.25 50 lb. package making 1,500 gallons. exp. extra 12.50 100 lb. package making 3,000 galluns. exp. extra 20.00 Barrels from 250 to 300 lbs.. 18c. per lb. RADIX WORM ERADICATOR removes worms instantly from your Tennis Courts. Golf Greens, Flower Pots, etc. 2 gallons, making 200 gallons, $2.00 per gallon. lyi gallons sufficient for Tennis Court 78 x 36 feet. ANT DESTROYER. Rid your garden and lawn of ants. It can be done in less than a week. Per lb. 6Sc.; 10 lbs., 60c. per lb.; 25 lbs., 50c. per lb. BON ARBOR CHEMICAL CO. Paterson, N. J., U. S. A. Write for descriptive catalogue, new 1913 edition. We manufac- ture also Radix Worm Eradicator, Insecticides. Weed Killer and all agricultural chemicals. Special prices on larpe quantities. MR. GARDENER: Let That Tree Die, and You Will Never See It Replaced YOU KNOW how long it has taken that tree to attain those stately proportions. YOU KNOW how irreparable the loss should it die. YOU KNOW how imminent is the danger from in- sects and fungi. YOU KNOW how devitalising, how unsightly, and how difficult to reach is that dead wood. YOU KNOW how surely fatal are those neglected cavities — neglected decaying stumps, neglected wounds, neglected borer holes are the causes. Then Why Wait Longer? Time Is Precious. CALL US IN WE HAVE the KNOWLEDGE, the EXPERI- ENCE, the MEN. the TOOLS. JOHN T. WITHERS Inc. Landscape Architect and Forester 1 Montgomery St. Jersey City, N. J. m I iiiniiiiiHin in iiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i i luinuiiiiiiiniiiiiniiii i i iiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiii i i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiniiiiinin iiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiili iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiinuiiiuiiiiiii iiiii nniiiii iiiig D OSES, Ampelopsis Veitchii, Clematis, Japanese Maples. Boxwood, all in pots and ready to ship. Specimen Evergreens 6 to 8 ft. high with large Ball and Burlapped. 1 5 Cars nursery grown Maximum Rhododendrons for immediate shipment. Write for Prices International Nurseries, Inc. 1905 West Farms Road, New York City PHONE 4028 TREMONT. f,>,iii,iiii„i nil nil niniinnunn ninnniniiii nn nnniiii iisiiHiinninunnninni iinnnnnnniniiiunnnnnniini iiiununuinn nHunuiinnnu i uin i unnnnnniiininnnuinunn lunnnnnnnu nniiiiH uniiu nnnnui ni iiinn; THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. Gardeners All Over the World Use APHINE, for spraying- against all sap-suck- ing insects, such as aphis, red spider, thrips. mealy bug and soft scale ; and for cleansing palms and decurative stock generally. NIKOTIANA, fur fumigating, a nicotine so- lutiini which does nui till the house with smoke as does tobacco paper or dust. It is vaporized in pans over small lamps, or by painting the steam pipes. FUNGINE, ti) control mildew, rust or bench rot in the greenhouse, a spra3'ing material; an infallible remedy. It does not stain foliage as Bordeaux or lime and sul]jlnir, but cleanses it. VERMINE, to rid the greenhouse soil of eel worm, root maggots and other soil vermin, will be found most effective. Used according to di- rections it is not injurious to vegetation. For Out Door Spraying of Trees, Shrubs and Hardy Plants SCALINE, an oil and sulphur composition — three in one — an insecticide, fungicide and scalicide combined, destroys San Jose, Oyster Shell and other scale, red spider, larva of the aphis and locust borer. Now is the time to spray to protect your trees and slirubs against the ravages of the various insect pests. Get in the habit of using our products and vou will use no other For Sale by all Seedimen Aphine Manufacturing Company Manufacturers of Agricultural Chemicals MADISON, N. J. TH H professional runner, when he gets rcadj' for a race, discards all unnecessary clothing so he will have all possible freedom of action. In designing the L'-Bar greenhouse construction, we did exactly the same thing — it was stripped for the running. W'e got it right down to a racing basis. This could be done, because the L'-Bar performs the work of both the rafter and the roof bar. This L'-Bar and roof bar combination is so strong tli;it we ib.n't lia\r in mak.- til.- einire bnr anv laryrr tl.an the ordinary cypress roof bar^ on other con- structions. Stripi)ed for the running as the U-Bar house is, it is the lightest of houses and produces >7->s&;^ ^^?^~^S&~^^^^i<^-is^-^^i^~:^^'^ ill .0/ ^' ^■ ^' Pot-Grown Strawberry Plants NOW READY FOR SHIPMENT % %. rfss upon all intending piiri'husers of pot-fjrown ."■'tnnvberr.v plants that all niir stock is exceptionall.v stroiiy: and wi*ll rooted. ORDER .\T ONCE and we will reserve stock, (rive 5^5^ GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. •■-^^ THERE is a lot of "hrt p''-" about greenhouse con- structions. Yes. a lot of it! So anxious are the building concerns to be con- sidered leaders in things new — that they are often lead to take some little unimportant improvement to their construction and exploit it as if it was going to revolu- tionize the entire greenhouse building code. Only the other day I read an ad. of a concern who made the astounding statement that they had made a tremendous improvement in greenhouse construction by abandoning for all times the clamp column fittings and adopting a "bolted through" one. It was e.xploited as a great discovery and something entirely new. As a matter of fact it has been used by another concern for at least thirty years. Talk all you will about various improvements in pri- vate greenhouse construction, but when you get right down to brass tacks, there lias been no really important development since the introduction of the U-Bar. No one denies that. Ever since then (in spite of all the stones thrown at it) all builders have promptly adopted as far as possible U-Bar structural features. The curved eave and 24-inch glass, just for example. But putting a curved eave on a house does not make it a U-Bar curved eave house. There is only one U-Bar curved eave house, and that's the house made with the U-Bar. Other curved eaves may look like it, but that's the only way they are like it. Send for our new catalog. Or send for us. Or both. U-BAR GREENHOUSES PIER50N U-BAR CO ONE MADISON AVt. NEW YORK. CAKADIAN OFFICE. lO PHILLIPS PLACE. MONTRtA* THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 67 i'"""" iiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiii iniiiiiiiii iiijiini i iiiiiiiiiin uiinniiiii u i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,i ig TfHORBURN sales- men are on the road now booking orders on Bulbs for Fall delivery. You will receive a postal from us a day or so before one calls. If you have changed your address recently, please drop iis a postal. J. M. Thorburn & Co. 1^3 Barclay St., New York I CARNATIONS I POT AND FIELD GROWN 1 Gorgeous: Matchless: Mrs. I Cheney and Other I Novelties I $20.00 per hundred I Also § A full line of Standard Sorts I All Ready Now I $10.00 per hundred I CHARLES H. TOTTY I MADISON, NEW JERSEY SPECIAL NOTICE If our salesman has not called to see you, please notify us. Pot-Grown STRAWBERRY PLANTS All the New and Standard Varieties Transplanted CELERY PLANTS I THE MACNIFF I I HORTICULTURAL CO. | I 56 Vesey St., New York | .^NiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiN Fall Planting giiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiini OUR new Fall planting list is ready for inailing and we want you to receive a copy. Hardy Roses and Herbaceous Perennials are the principal subjects and a visit to Crotn- well will satisfy you that we are amply al)le to satisfy your requirements. If you are in need of field grown Carnations let us know. We have 60,000 this season, and owing to the unusually favorable weather conditions these plants are exceptionally nice. ANPlERSON INC Ceommll Gardens Crpmwell Conn 68 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. wtryPkuits WS^BearHiisJiill A' MERICL'S. tin- leader of the | fall-bearers, will give luscious, | large sweet Strawberries, equal to June | fruit, it you set pot-grown plants in July ? and early August. f BIG, POT-GROWN PLANTS | $1.50 per doz., $10.00 per hundred, delivered I I SEND YOUR ORDER EARLY. | 1 ^ '^^''' '"'■ ""'' Mid-Simimer Catalog of Strawberries. Vegetable and I I Flower Seeds. Plants and Bulbs. Mailed free. | I Weeber & Don, Seed Merchtnls, 114-L Chambers St., New York, N. Y. § FiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiwiH 'iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiuiiiiuciiiii i niiiinniiiiniiiiiiin iiiniuirai i iiiiiiiiniiiiimiii iiiiiiiiiii |iiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiin niiiiiin iiiiiiiiiuuiiiin iiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiii ig ORCHIDS I F"t-eshly Impot-tecl | I We have received and unpacked the following in fine | I condition: Cattleyas — Percivaliana, Gaskelliana, | I Speciosissima ; Dendrobiums — Formosum, Nobile, 1 I Densiflorum, Schuitzii (novelty) ; Vandas — Coerulea, | I Batemannii, Imshootiana, Luzonica (novelty) ; | I Phalaenopsis — Amabilis, Schilleriana and Spothoglot- 1 I tis plicata. Many more to arrive. | 1 I I Write for special list No. 55. | I LAGER & HURRFLL, Summit, N. J. | iiiiiillliiiliiiliiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiniiiiiuiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii IIIKHHIHHIhllMniMIII0IMMMIIIIinMninniHIHIIIHIIMIIIIIIM>llllllllllllllllll>lllllltllllIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIinilllllllllllll1IIIIIIIII>ll1llllll|IIllllltiiii' GREENHOUSE PAINTING AND GLAZING My many years' e.xperience while engaged with the leading greenhouse builders, and my einploying only iirst-class men. places me in position to under- take any new or old work whicli vou may con- template. Let me estimate on your work. FRANK TIDABACK Greenhouse Painter and Glazier TARRYTOWN, N. Y. On larger properties, notliing has been more notable than the tendency to plant Meehans' Mallow Marvels in groups of a hundred or more of each of the several colors ; securing in each a profusion of immense blooms, in glorious shades of red; or soft pinks or white. Pink. $35.00 per hundred White, $35.00 per hundred Red. $50.00 per hundred Thomas Meehan& Sons Box 65 Germantown. Phila. :^'*^^^^ JULIUS ROEHRS CO. Nurserymen and Florists RUTHERFORD, N. J. Visit our establishment and inspect our Greenhouses containing the finest products. Also see our large increased Nursery and view our splen- did Evergreens. Trees and Shrubs. Competent Gardeners ^ The comlorls and products o( a country home are increased by employing a competent gardener ; if you want (o engage one, write to us. q Please give particulars regarding place and say whether married or single man is wanted. We have been supplying Ihem for years to the best [>eople everywhere. No lee asked. PETER HENDERSON & CO. Seedsmen and Florists 33 and 37 Corllandl St. NEW YORK CITY DREER'S POT-GROWN STRAWBERRY PLANTS Tlie best varieties, botli new and old. and best methods of plant- ing to raise a full crop of strawberries next year are fully particu- larized in Dreer's Mid-Summer Catalogue Also Celery, Cabbage, and other vegetable plants. A select list of decorative plants. Palms, Ferns, etc.; Seeds of old-fashioned Hardy Perennials and other flowers for summer sowing. Seasonable Farm Seeds, etc. Write today for a copy, FREE, and please mention this magazine. HENRY A. DREER 7 14-7 16 CHESTNUT ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 69 grilllllilimt!iiiiiimiiiiiiniiiimn]iiniiimnfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiititii|iiii|i|iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^^^^ :ii!i!iiii:iiiiiiiii!iiii'^ I BOBBINK & ATKINS \ I WORLD'S CHOICEST NURSERY | I AND GREENHOUSE PRODUCTS | i IN OUR 3C0 ACRKS OF HIGHLY CULTIVATED NURSERY LAND i i WE ARE GROWING NURSERY AND GREENHOUSE PROD- i g UCTS FOR EVERYBODY AND SUITABLE FOR ALL PARTS = = OF THE COUNTRY. WE SHALL BE GLAD TO HAVE g 1 INTENDING PURCHASERS VISIT OUR NURSERY i i AND INSPECT THE QUALITY OF STOCK WE s i GROW. OR SUBMIT THEIR LIST OF s I WANTS FOR PRICES. | I THE FOLLOWING PLANTS FOR OUTDOOR PLANTING, INTERIOR | i AND EXTEBIOR DECORATIONS ARE AMONG OUR SPECIALTIES. S II vi>i!.\N(;i:.\ iiT.\i;s.\ i.N TLBS Wo liiivi- iiiiin.\ Iniij.lr.-.l.s of spi'Ciiiien jilants in blcMjui and bud for suiiiincr decoration at $-'.50, 13.50. $5.00 and $7.50 each. LARGE LEAPED E V E R ■ GRUBNS. ENGLISH LADKELS AND AUCUBASi for summer decorations. ENGLISH IVY. We grow man.v thousands in trained forms and ordinar.v plants from two to eiplit feet tall. H .\ R D Y OLD-FASHIONED FLOWERS. Several acres of our Nurser.v are exclnsivel.v devoted to their cultivation. PEONIES and IRIS. We have a complete collection read.v for August and Septenilter deliver.v. BOXWOOD. We grow thou- sanils of plants in nian.v shapes and sizes. OLlt WOXIlEltFVL NEW EXBRIER HYBRID GIANT FLOWER- ING .\IAI:.''ll.MAI.LOW. Kverj'liod.v should lie interest, d in this hard.v old-fashioned flower. It is perfectly hard.v and will grow everywhere. ASK FOR OUR IIXUSTUATED GENERAL CATALOG NO. 45, de scribing the above; also our AUTU.MN CAT.VLOG. WE PI_\N AND PL.\NT GROUNDS AND GARDENS EVERYWHERE WITH OTT, ■■WORl II CHOICEST NURSERY AND GUEKNIIOUSF. rKIIIiUC'TS." NURSERYMEN. FLORISTS AND PLANTERS RUTHERFORD, N. J. STltAWMKKItlKS. l'n\\,;\ :iii arc planted with them. All are balleil and bviriapped and have splen'lid root system. BAY TREES. PALMS, and other plants for Couservatorie.s, Inter- ior and Exterior decorations. BUI.BS AND ROOTS. We grow ami import quantities of bulbs and roots from all parts of the world. Autumn Planting. PLANT T UBS. W I N D O W BOXES. KXULISH GARDEN FIRMTVKE AND RUSTIC. WORK. Wo manufacture all shapes and sizes. iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiritiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiNiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiPiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM Incorporated 1911 ANDREW K. KENNEDY. Pres. and Treas. KENNEDY & HUNTER SEEDSMEN Pot Grown Strawberry Plants Now Ready All Standard Varieties $3.50 per 100 156 West 34th Street Pe'na.'t.atTo';; New York 'ONLY THE BEST" CONTAINING A LIST OF Fall Bulbs: Fall and Summer Bearing Strawberry Plants and Seasonable Seeds and Sundries M.iVILED FREE UPON APPLICATION. ARTHUR T. BODDINGTON, Seedsman Pot Grown Strawberry Plants Pot grown StrawlK-rry I'laiU.s if planted now will fur- nish a good crop of fine berrie.s next season. The plants we offer are all well grown, true tc^ name and licalthy stock. AUGUST LUTHER. IC.vliii i-iiil.v. v iMUiN Jr'i.Ui U 1^ 1 KA a i. KAllN tion of the best plants for seed purposes, and therefore must not be Gigantic Size, Heavy Texture, Brilliant Colors confounded with strains offered by some seedsmen at lower prices. Our N'on I'his Ultra Tansy is a mixture coutainiug the largest, hand- Pkt. Vi oz. Oz. somest and most perfect varieties ever sent out. The beautiful color- Fire King-. Red and yellow. lar.:;e lirown eye $0.15 $1.25 $4.00 Ing and variety ot marking give a bed of these Pansies a most brilliant Emperor William. Deep blue . ! 15 1.23 4.0U appearance. The st-ea has: been saved from the greatest assortment of ^ typos, including only the best of Giant Cassiers, Bugnots. Trimardeaux ^ord Beaconsfield. Viobt. shaded white 15 1.50 5.00 and Giant English. French and German strains. Finest Mixed, pkt. Light Blue. White center 10 1.00 3.50 15 cts., % 02. $1.50, oz. $6. Light Blue 10 1.00 3.50 f^TAWT PAW^TTT^ Pres. Camot. Pure white petals; dtt-p blotch 15 1.25 4.00 Purple 10 1.00 3.50 Separate Colors Pure Yellow lo i.oo 3.50 Our strains of Giant Pansies are procured from specialists in Europe. Snow- White 10 1.00 3.50 who devoted tlieir entire ener.Kies toward producing sizi', very heavy White. Dark eye 10 1.00 3.50 PANSIES IN MIXTURE Pkt. 14 oz. Oz. Pkt. Vi oz. Oz. Masterpiece. Siiporb new class of blotched Pansies. Bugnot Strain, l.arse, stained, mixed $0,25 $1.50 $5,00 with large Ijlooras mostly undulated or curled. Brilliant colors $0,15 $2,00 $7,00 Cassier s Strain, All colors mixed lo 1.00 3.50 Madame Perret. Early flowering, fragrant, espe- Odier, .\11 colors mixed 15 1,00 3,00 cially rich in red shades; large flowering I,". 1,50 5.00 Fine English Mixed 05 .50 1.50 OUR FALL BULB CATALOG HAS BEEN MAILED TO YOU: IF YOU DID NOT RECEIVE A COPY. PLEASE DROP US A CARD. 30-32 BARCLAY ST. NEW YORK CITY GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA DEVOTED TO THE SCIENCE OF FLORICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS Vol. XVIII. lULY. 1914. .No. 3. Electricity and Plant Culture By Arthur Smith. Of all the natural forces the mo.st fertile in its sub- servienc}- to the necessities and luxuries of man is un- doubtedly electricity. No degree of familiarity, however long continues, can efface the sense of wonder at the ef- fects of the many applications to which this mysterious force can be put. Whether the mystery surrounding the chemical character of electricity will ever be solved or not is an open question. It is possible that in the future the elements, if there are any, which enter into its com- position, may be stated in chemical terms, but at the same time it is rather doubtful. Whether electricity be a simple or compound substance is, however, not of great practical importance, at any rate so far as this article is concerned. It will therefore be unnecessary to consider the technology of electricity, merely stating that it is universally present in nature in a more or less latent state — in a state of quiescence and e(|uilil)rium — but this state is one which is very easily disturbed and it appears that however great the quantity of electricity a body may contain it is ineffective unless transformed into a cur- rent. It may be assumed that frictional, voltaic and ani- mal electricity are one and the same thing, the distinction merely being in the mode of generation. The \'cr\' general distribution of electricity throughout almost every substance, and the state of activity it dis- plays around growing vegetation, has led at various times to the belief that were means devised to divert a more than usual quantity of it through plants, their growth could be much accelerated. .At present it is impossible to define to what extent the growth and develojament of. living organisms depend upon electricity, but we know at least that it is more or less beneficial. The fact has been definitely established that electric currents exist in the soil and in the plant; in realitv wlierever chemical activit\- occurs electric cur- rents are likely to be present, although these currents may be comparatively insignificant and require very deli- cate instruments for their detection. Probably many have noticed that rain accompanied with a discharge of electricity through the atmos]>here has a far greater beneficial effect upon growing plants, grass for instance, than a similar amount of rain under like circumstances, but without the electricity. The rea- son of this is that the form of electrical discharge known as lightening produces nitric acid and ammonia by caus- ing their elements to combine in the atmosphere ; the rain which generally accompanies it brings these valuable plant-foods down to the soil. This power of electricity is now being made use of in the manufacture of nitrates for commercial purposes to take the place of nitrate of soda. From this it is easily understood that a current of electricitv passing through the soil will have a similar effect in causing the combination of the elements con- tained in the above plant-foods and thus rendering them available. The idea of using electricity in an artificial way for this purpose has frequently occurred, as it has long been known that plants respond to electrical stimulus, and many investigations have been made with a view of as- certaining practical means of realizing the benefits of this force. The first record which we have of any experiments in electro-culture is of one made by Dr. Mainbray, of Edin- burgh, m 1747, who passed the electric current through plants in pots. In 1840 a lady, whose name has not been handed down, conducted some experiments which mainly consisted in causing a constant flow of frictional electricitv through a portion of the ground in her garden, with the eft'ect that vegetation did not cease during the winter upon the plot under the influence of electricity, and that what snow fell upon it during the continuance of the e-xperiment never remained as it did upon the rest of the garden around. This result caused Dr. Forster, of Elginshire, Scotland, to place a small galvanic battery in action upon a grass plot, and the effect produced fully confirmed the results of the lady's experiment. This and the results of further experiments by Dr. Forster led him to try the effect of collecting the free electricity of the atmosphere by means of wires suspended upon poles thirteen feet from the ground, and conveying it through it through the soil by means of buried wires. The result upon a plot of twenty-five square rods, part of a field of barley, was that the electrified plot produced more than double per acre than the rest of the field. .-\ full account of this experiment appeared in the Times (London) of October 2, 1844. One of the reviews in a leading article at the time used the expression, "He turns the materials of the thunderbolt to manure." .\lthongh these experiments were successful, as far as thev went, as proving the beneficial action of electricity upon plant growth, yet the question ren^ined in abey- ance for nearly fifty years. .About the year 1890 Mon- sieur Baral. of Garonne, France, applied electricity to the culture of potatoes, tomatoes and hemp. A row of hemp, subject to the influence of the electric current, grew eighteen inches taller than the rows not electrified. A kilogramme (2.2 pound) of potatoes planted in the path of the current produced 21 kilogrammes of very large, healthy tubers, while the unelectrified patch only ^ave 12J/2 kilogrammes from the same weight of seed. /"■2 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. The electrified tomatoes ripened their fruit eight days accelerated growth and accelerated germination to be ex- before the others. Another French experimentalist, plained? There are numerous agencies which act as Abbe Nollet, appears to have been the first to prove that stimuli to seeds and plants about which little is known as the application of electricity to seeds hastens their germ- to how they stimulate. mation. The value of the electric light in hastening the "Some of the theories pertaining to electrical action, blossoming period of plants was first brought into notice however, jaossess interest and are worthy of being men- by the late Sir Wilham Siemans, who used it with great tioned. Frecke held the idea that electricity vvas the success U]3on flowering plants and fruit in his own green- great moving force of animate creation, and identical houses. with nervous influence. Marat was of the opinion that The subject therefore naturally divides itself into the electricity exerted a marked influence upon soil fertility. direct use of the current applied to the soil in which the The action of electricity upon oxygen, as is well known, plant is growing, and the use of the electric light as a gives rise to ozone, and some botanists have believed substitute for the sun in cloudy weather or at night. Ex- that the production of ozone in the seed is the prime fac- periments along both these lines have at a comparatively tor in accelerating germination and growth." recent date been carried out by the Massachusetts and For the greater part of two centuries, therefore, elec- other agricultural exjierimental stations in this country, tro-culture has been the subject of experiment and al- In these experiments it was found that electricity ex- ways with more or less successful results. During the erts an appreciable influence upon the germination of past year the question has again been pushed to the front seeds, and 55 per cent, more germinated in forty-eight by the experiments which have been carried out in hours than those not subject to the current, this being France, upon which an interesting article appeared in the average of five species; but it was found that the ap- the Larouse Mensiiel (Paris) for March, 1914. plication of electricity does not increase to any appre- The writer describes an apparatus called a geomag- ciable e.xtent the total germination, nor does it. as .some netifier, an invention of Lieutenant Basty. which is have claimed it does, awaken to life seeds which have formed of a metal rod terminating at a point composed lost their vitality. The experiments with the direct ap- of an alloy which is both a good conductor and non- plication of electricity to plants in growth were all sue- oxydizable! The length of the rod varies, according to cessful in raising larger crops, and in the case of toma- the plants cultivated, from one to two yards, and the end toes they ripened earlier. The following shows the ef- is buried in the ground to a depth equal to that normally feet of various electric currents upon the growth of rad- attained by the "roots. The results announced are very ishes. The duration of this experiment, which was car- encouraging and confirms those obtained by previous ried out at the Massachusetts station, was thirty-nine experimentors. in obtaining a shorter period of germina- 'l^ys. tion, reduction in the time of reaching maturity and a Treatment. Total per cent, gained, much larger yield than under ordinary conditions. Thus, Direct current: one cell; copper-plate electrodes. . 74.07 spinach sown March 21 and subject to the action of the Direct current ; one cell ; wire electrodes 23.15 geomagnetifier, germinated March 31, was gathered vVtmospheric electricity; copper-plate electrodes... 53.61 May 15, and gave a much better yield. Other plants Copper and zinc-plate electrodes connected 182.38 from the same sowing not electrified did not germinate Interrupted induced current : copper-plate elec- vmX.\\ .April 8, and were not ready to gather until nearlv trodes 13.83 in June, while the _\-ield was only a quarter as much. In Unelectrified plants were taken as the standard in cal- ''i*= '^^''^ of strawberries the fruit ripened earlier and was culating percentages. larger m size. The atmospheric electricitv was obtained by means of ' '^ course, this apparatus although given the above a pole extending thirty-five feet above the ^round on the '"§'i soundmg name dilifers nothmg m pnnciple from the top of which was projected twentv-four small copper ™^^^^^ "^^d m the eighteenth century and many times points distributed in two circles, the outer one havino- a ^'"'-"^ ^>' experimenters for the purpose of collecting at- radius of thirty inches. The copper points were all con- '"osphenc electricity. One point which these latest ex- nected with a single copper wire leading to one of the pemnents have brought out which is entirely new is that copper-plate elecVodes, the other electrode being P^'^"^* '^^''^'"e rendered immune from diseases due to mi- grounded. The strength of the currents used in this ex- cro-organisms. In the case of potatoes while diseased periment upon radishes varied from 05 to 1 milliampere Rubers were prevalent in field, a portion electrified con- A series of similar experiments were also carried on ^^™^^ scarcely any. A plot of beets was artificially in- with lettuce, giving the following results : fected with what is called m the article "a serious and '"^ . ' . injurious contagious disease," the name, however, not •vT , ' '^l T f I being given, and the electrified portion received no dam- Treatment, iNumber current total ^^^ '^n the case of potatoes the non-treated part con- ot m milli- percent. Gained a considerable greater number of diseased tubers, plants. amperes. gained. jj^j^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^j^^ ^,-jj^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^i^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^.^^^^ ^„^ Direct current (weak)... 94 0.184 22.78 bv the promoters of a system for electrically treating Direct current (stronger) . 46 0.367 40.76 sewage that by running 'the sewage over metal plates Copper and zinc plates... 48 0.214 36.48 charged with liigh voltage electricity, typhoid and other Atmospheric electricity .. . 47 not taken 39.22 di.sease germs were ab.solutely destroyed and the effluent .\mong the remarks accompanying the report of these could with safetA- be then discharged into a stream. The experiments it was stated, "The effect which electricity expense of this process was, however, too great too se- has in accelerating the germinating of seeds and the cure its adoption, growth of plants is positive, and in hundreds of experi- The Journal of the Board of Agriculture (England), ments conducted in different manners we have seldom Vol. XX., contains a report of some experiments with obtained any negative results. We have, moreover, con- potatoes at Dumfries, Scotland, during 1912, which fully clusively proved that the alternating current is much su- confirms the benefits of electricity in plant growth. perior to the direct as a stimulator. \\'hile there is without a shadow of doubt a funda- "The question naturally arises, in what manner does mental basis for the theory that electricity is capable of electricity stumulate plants, or, in other words, how are decomposing certain plant foods existing in the soil and THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 71 thus rendering; them more availahle. and, also, as noted above, of causint; the combination of the elements of nitric acid, yet at the present moment it does not appear possible for any one to define with certainty how and why electricity has a beneficient action upon growing plants. But as it has been proved that electricity affects the protoplasm of tlie i)lant. there is no doubt that it is to the effect upon tlie ])rotoplasm that we must probably look for the solution of the problem. Tlie eft'ect can be seen in plants that show protoplasmic movements, such as, for instance, the Chara, one of the families of the Cryptogameous plants having no vascular tissue, by which it has long been known that weak currents stim- ulate protoplasm and induce accelerated movement ; whereas strong currents retard or stoji such movements, and if too stong, the protoplasm is killed. There is a good deal of interesting data being accu- mulated concerning electrical influence upon plant growth, but the question cannot be said to be yet out of the experimental stage, although the advantages derived from the direct application of electricity to vegetation are unt|uestionable. The writer in the h'rench magazine aliove mentioned concludes his article bv expressing amazement that in view of the remarkable results produced, farmers and gardeners do not universally adopt this treatment for their crops, and he attributes their failure to do so purely to ignorance. While there is no disputing the fact that the use of electricity upon growing crops will produce beneficial ef- fects in more than one direction, the universal adoption of its use depends entirely upon its practicability, whether the resulting increased crops will pay for the increased expense. It is obvious for one thing that the ordinary operation connected witli cultivation and har- vesting would be greatly interfered with and rendered more expensive in the case of a field studded by poles and wires. In a garden where all operations are by hand, the inconvenience would not be of any moment. In the latter case the question to be answered by experiment is whether the results will compensate for the trouble in erecting the apparatus irrespective of cost, also whether if this increased cost were put into extra plant food, equal results would be produced without the attendant trouble of fixing the poles and wires. It nuist be tmderstood that electricity supplies no plant food, its effect appears to be in enabling a ]ilant to make greater use of the food within its reach. The use of electric light in connection with ])lant growth is in a far more advanced position. Its effect has been investigated at, amongst other places, the agri- cultural experimental stations of Concord, Miss., and West Virginia, the arc light being used at the former, and the incandescent at the latter. In the case of jjlants being grown luider the intluence of this light, the effect seems to be produced through the hastening antl prolonging the act of food assimilation owing to the extention of, what practically amounts to, the hours of sunlight, and the substitution of the light for the sun in cloudy weather. A large number of spe- cies of vegetables, flowering and foliage plants have been experimented upon. In the experiments with the arc light it was soon found that the naked light exerted an injurious influence upon inany plants. This is believed to be due to the presence of the ultra-violet rays, the spectrum of the electric light being unlike that of sun- light. A glass screen or ordinary globe was found to cut out the injurious rays and to allow the beneficial rays to pass through. By the use of the light the flower- ing period of many species of plants was hastened, Easter lilies being advanced as much as ten days. With vegetables the best results were olnained upon lettuce, plants of which were a week or more in advance of those in the unligiued house. The results with the use of the incandescent light were to a great extent similar, but the balance of evidence is in favor of the arc light. The practical utilization of the electric light upon a commercial Iiasis is now an accomplished fact so far as lettuce is concerned. In the New England lettuce houses, especially in the neighborhood of Boston, a gain of time is obtained during the winter season sufficient to enable one more crop of lettuce to be grown in the same time than where the light is not used. In the case of flowers the use of the light has not been found to be commercially profitable, although the flower- ing period was considerably hastened. In this connec- tion it does not do to use the light too early in the life of the plant, or flowers will a])pear before the plant is strong enough to grow them to their proper size. Up to the present there have not been, so far as we are aware, any experiments made of the use of this light in the open air and one would not venture to foretell what possibilities may e.xist in this direction. So far as the use of electricity itself to plant growth is concerned it cannot be denied that there is evidence enough to support a belief that in time to come it will occui)\' as impiirtant a place in agriculture and horti- culture as it (iocs today in other directions. PROPAGATING THE AUCUBA. If there is one evergreen shrub more prominent than others as particularly adapted ior cultivation in confined town and sul)urban gardens, it is the Aucuba. A native of Japan, A. japonica in. growth, size and color of the leaves is a very variable shrub. The numerous forms of Aucuba have been given varietal names by nurserymen, and it would not be difficult, should one wish it, to obtain a collection of at least twenty named sorts. In habit the plants vary from 2 feet to 10 feet in height. There is a very marked difference in the size and coloring of the leaves. Some growers prefer the large, shiny pale green leaves beautifull_\- spotted with \ellow ; others choose the rich, shiny green leaves, suggestive of the Laurel. In some sorts the edges of the leaves are entire, while in others they are elegantly toothed. Shade does not harm the .A,ucuba ; it will thrive under tall trees as well as the Ivy. Such a good-natured plant is the .\ucuba that, in addition to thriving in most positions, it will also grow in nearly all soils. The .Vucuba makes a beautiful and attractive lawn specimen ; it is also useful as a screen, and an ideal subject for the shrubbery border. This jaiianese shrub is also interesting, there being two sexes. The male and female flowers are borne on differ- ent plants, not like most of our favorite .shrubs, both on the same plant. In addition to its attractive foliage, the female Auculia bears ornamental red berries larger than those of the 1 lolly : but to get these one must grow Aucu- bas of botli sexes, as the pollen from the flowers of the male jilant is neces.sary to fertilize those of the female otherwise no berries are produced. Proi:iagation from cuttings is the usual and (luickcit means of increase. Quite large branches root readily in v. close iirojiagating frame, preferably with a little bottom heat. I'nder glass, .\ucuba cuttings may be inserted at any time. In the open border October and November is the best time to put in cuttings. In a moist propagating frame the cuttings will root in any light material- - sandy soil, fibre, leaf-mould or coarse sand. By in- serting large shoots such good plants are available for potting up in two months suitable for use at once in a window bo.x. — Exchange. 74 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. WHEN TO PRUNE SHRUBBERY. Much may be added to the beauty and attractiveness if the shrubs about the lawns and gardens are kept in a thriving condition. This may be done, or at least their beauty may be greatly enhanced, by judicious and timely pruning. It requires but little time, if the work is done every year, to keep the bushes growing and developing in a uniform manner; while if allowed to grow without attention for a few years, it may take a number of years of careful pruning to bring them into shape again. When a shrub is set is the time to shape it, to a cer- tain extent. If it is properly pruned at that time, sub- sequent cutting and shaping will be reduced to a min- imum. The grace and beauty of most shrubs lie in their drooping habit. Nature, in the main, will attend to this. Sometimes, however, certain shapes or designs may be desired. While this is something for a skillful gardener to attend to, yet certain work along this line can be done by the careful amateur. The correct methods to be pur- sued with a general collection will have to be learned largely by observation. It is, of course, true that work like the removal of dead limbs, branches that chafe or are badly crossed and superfluous interior shoots, may be done at almost any time of the year. The general pruning should, however, be determined by the time of flowering. In this respect our common shrubs are divided into two classes. The spring-bloomers, such as lilac, most of the spireas, snow- ball and weigela form their buds in the late summer or early fall of the previous year, upon wood of that year's growth. It is evident that winter or spring pruning, therefore, would sacrifice some of the best branches and would also induce the growth of new shoots at a time when the energy of the shrub is needed to develop the flowers. This class, as can readily be understood, should be pruned in summer after the blooming period is over. New wood will then be induced to start and make a vig- orous growth for buds the next year. The blossoms are borne at the ends of terminal or lateral shoots, hence the pruning induces more laterals to sprout, resulting in a larger number of flowers. The amount to be cut varies with different sorts. At least take as much as would be taken if all flowers were cut with long stems. Some of the summer bloomers are rose, althea, hibis- cus, hydrangea and tamarix. With these the flowers form on wood of the current year's growth. Pruning should be done at anv time after the leaves fall and be- fore the sap starts in the spring. None but the most hardy kinds should be severely cut back in the fall. With the tenderer sorts, such as some of the roses, pruning should be done in the spring after danger of severe cold is well past. As a rule the late bloomers may be pruned more than the early bloomers, as flowers are usually the object sought rather than abundant foliage. A vigorous growth in the early spring must be obtained and nothing but pruning will bring this about. Roses should be pruned in the spring. Ordinarily a severe cutting is best, yet with certain strong-growing kinds too much pruning will induce the bush to "run to growth" rather than to the production of flowers. Note the condition of the canes and cut each one off a half inch above a strong bud pointing in the desired direction. It is usually best to save buds that point outward, as the shoot will continue in the direction the bud points. On the average about two-thirds of the previous sea- son's growth should be cut away. Weak growing va- rieties may be cut even more. The hybrids and teas will need more severe priming than the hardy sort, ^^'itll these, after the winter protection has been removed, cut out all the dead and "winter-killed" canes, even if it be necessary to cut to the ground. It is a fact that the se- vere cutting back of roses will not result in so many flower's, but they will be larger and better. If still larger blooms are desired, cut oft' some of the buds as they begin to develop, leaving only the terminal buds to form flow- ers. If the hardy roses are desired to produce a profu- sion of bloom, milder treatment than that recommended above is necessary. When cut flowers are desired, the more severe pruning is best. The climbing roses may be pruned down to the last season's growth each spring and the new shoots trained as desired. If there is plenty of room, however, very little pruning will be necessary. Simply cut out the dead wood and occasionally some of the older branches, and the ramblers will keep in good condition. — Exchange. THE SOIL AND DISEASE. That many diseases arise from soil conditions was formerly a widespread belief, and is still asserted by many authorities. .\ writer in The Medical Council i Philadelphia. June) asserts that this theory is outworn, and that the soil, except where abnormally infected, is a conserver of health, not a harborer of disease. The theo- ries that malaria is due to soil conditions, he says, have utterly collapsed, and of the diseases once thought to originate in the soil, including "military fever," typhoid, yellow fever, and more recently pellagra, erysipelas, beri- beri, dysentery, tuberculosis, tetanus, anthrax, ameboid dysentery, cholera infantum, and epidemic meningitis, it is now fairly certain that none is there present normally. The organisms of some may infest both soil and water, but these are only "carriers" in such cases, not genera- tors. To quote : ".•\s medical science advances it is more than probable that the soil as a generator of disease will be dismissed from consideration. It is r|uite true that buried accumu- lations of filth may proliferate various organisms, but that normal soil does so except as is taught in agricul- tural books is not probable. The normal bacteria of the soil are not pathogenic to man. ".•\fter going through much authoritative literature, we are unable to find many authenticated instances of pathogenic bacteria normallv occurring in the soil. ^lore and more is it being thought that tetanus bacilli largely come from the intestinal tracts of the domestic animals and do not proliferate in the soil, although the spores may long remain viable. . . . Practically the only bacillus of w'hich distinct claims of pathogenic activity have been asserted, and which may proliferate in tropical soil, is the B. cloacoe. But recent study shows it to be merely a colon bacillus of cattle which resists the lethal action of sunlight, and thus is very slowly killed. . . . ".•\s a matter of fact, normal soil is a natural and bene- ficent bacteriological laboratory, various nitrifying bac- teria promoting growth and others decomposing humus and organic matter, thus rendering it available as plant food. But when natural conditions are disturbed, the bacterial balance is also disturbed ; and fungi, molds, algse, and other organisms proliferate, to the detriment of man and animals. Note, it is not so much bacteria but other organisms which proliferate. Disturbed soil needs to be cultivated, and cultivated well. .\nd yet the processes of artificial cultivation are often productive of vegetable forms of diminished resistance, as note the phylloxera disease of cultivated grapes, the various blights and the root growths so destructive of highly developed plant life. . . "The soil is a great conservator of health, not a men- ace : its life and death processes are among the most won- THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 7.h derful in nature. "I'ack to the sdil' needs to be a health slogan as well as an economic one. But what kind of soil? The best answer is that of modern scientific farm- ing, which conserves the soil as well as man. Science was long a very artificial thing ; but it is now being nat- uralized. And the encouraging thing is that science pays in efficiency and dollars and cents. Scientific farming is not only the most profitable, but it is one of the greatest conservators of public health. "And yet how foolish some sanitarians are! One al- leged scientist recently stated that he would as soon his children played with poison as with earth, as all of the pathogenic bacteria came from the soil. And another 'city builder' wishes that not one blade of grass be al- lowed to grow within the limits of the city. Children know better, and 'scientists' should. "Let us get back to the soil and the sun ! Let us cea^e contaminating the soil and the atmosphere, and sanita- tion will progress by leaps and liounds. Sanitarians are, perforce of circumstances, compelled to make insanitary conditions tolerable : but what a great work could be done were these unnecessary conditions removed and the sanitarian allowed to devote his attentions more to man in a proper environment ! Man himself is the great problem, after all. This world is a place 'where every prospect pleases and only man is vile." Too long have we blamed our troubles upon this good old earth that we have abused so sorely. Let us begin with ourselves and let the earth wag along as the Creator intended it should." — Digest. THE SNAPDRAGON. H. J. Moore. The Snapdragon — Antirrhinum from anti, like, and rhin. a nose or snout. Few if any of our well known garden flowers are more satisfactory generally than the one in question. For filling beds or borders of any size it is useful and will furnish a beautiful display of bloom from July until the end of October. In color the flowers are so varied as to render possible the most beautiful schemes, and lasting so long, successfully bridge over the entire summer and autumn. For cutting the snapdragon is also useful, and lieing easily raised, flowers are at the command of ycjung and old. Two very popular types of snapdragons are tall .Antirrhinum majus, and the dwarf or Tom Thumb kinds — A. majus manum, these latter being btit varieties of the former which is likewise the progenitor of most of our valuable garden forms. In addition to the foregoing there are many handsome spe- cies less known perhaps, but nevertheless excellent border or rock garden plants. Being of perennial habit the snapdragon may be in- creased by cuttings as well as by seeds, and while it is generally increased by the latter method, by cuttings is the only certain way to increase many colors or varieties, September being the proper month for the operation. Insert the cuttings in a bed of sand in a cold frame, water carefully and shade from sunlight. Keep the frame closed, ventilating only during ' the day when the tem- perature is high or when moisture condenses excessively on the plants and on the inner surfaces of the frame. When rooted transfer the plants to boxes or pot them off singly, and place them in a cool greenhouse until the spring. By propagating early in the spring good bedding plants may also be obtained from cuttings — bottom heat at this time being of course essential. Plants of named and well established varieties should be raised from seed, the quickest and most satisfactory way being to sow them indoors during March or April, and after transplanting into flats, thence into four inch pots to place the plants into cold frames to harden off preparatory to bedding out. Those who have no facilities for raising the seedlings indoors may sow the seed out- side as soon as the weather and soil conditions will per- mit. These plants will, of course, flower somewhat later than the foregoing, but w^ill nevertheless afiford a pleasing display. Magnificent border etifects may be created by planting the tall growing kinds towards the rear and the dwarf ones along the front of the border. For this pur- pose, when purchasing seed, the heights of the plants should be carefully noted and indicated on the label bear- ing the name of the variety. The distance apart must be governed by the height of the plant, overcrowding being deleterious. Fifteen to eighteen inches may be regarded as approximately right. Seeds should be sown outdoors in patches very thinly, the seedlings being thinned out as desired. The Antirrhinum is not solely a garden subject, for if sown in the greenhouse during any of the fall months and potted commensurately as it grows, excellent jilants in full flower may be had during the late winter and all through spring, while for cutting purposes a bench filled with plants will amply repay the labor. It is customary for many florists to lift the plants from the garden ere they are injured by severe frosts, and after removing the old flower stems to plant them in benches for the winter's supply of flowers, a very economical practice, and there- fore to be commended. — Canadian Florist. THE OLD MAN. Be kind to your daddy, O, gamboling youth ; his feet are now sluggish and cold ; intent on your pleasures, you don't see the truth, which is that your dad's growing old. Ah, once he could whip forty bushels of snakes, but now he is spavined and lame; his joints are all rusty and tortured with aches, and weary and worn is his frame. He toiled and he slaved like a government mule to see that his kids had a chance; he fed them and clothed them and sent them to school, rejoiced when he marked their advance. The land- scape is moist with th.e billows of sweat he cheerfully shed as he toiled, to bring up his children and keep out of debt, and see that the home kettle boiled. lie dressed in old duds that his Mary and Jake might liloom like the roses in June, and oft when you swal- lowed your porterhouse steak, your daddy was chewing a prune. And now that he's worn by his burden of care, just show you are worth all he did; look out for his comfort, and hand him his chair, and hang up his slicker and lid. — Walt Mason. JUST AS OF OLD. Just as of old, the moments come and go. The Spring with its flowers, and the Winter with its snow. The hours pass away, the seasons warm and cold, And Time runs along today just as of old. But, ah ! how we change as the years come on anew, The heart grows strange that once was fond and true, And dear friends part, while others pass away. And sadly sighs the weary heart, day after day. But just as of old, the many stars appear, And greet us again as in some forgotten year. And flowers bloom anew and rivers ever flow. Just as they did in days of )ore, long, long ago. 7(> THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. GROWING INTEREST IN PUBLIC ROSE GARDENS. _ The recent rose show held in Syracuse breaks all pre- vious records for attendance, interest and merit of ex- hibit. Imagine over two hundred varietiees of the queen of flowers skillfully staged. They made the spacious hall a bower of beauty and fragrance. Mr. Robert Pyle, vice-president of the American Rose Society, gave a beautifully illustrated address the first night of the show on "Famous Rose Gardens I Have Visited." Two suc- cessive years Mr. Pyle has delivered the annual address and acted as judge. Rev. Dr. Edmund M. Mills, the president of the society, is a Methodist, but a poll of the members would show the Methodists in a decided mi- nority. People of all faiths are found in this society, which has in four years grown to have an active mem- bership of nearly three hundred. Mr. James M. Gilbert, a prominent member of the First Church, took first hon- ors in winning the silver medal offered by the American Rose Society for the best exhibit. Every village of any considerable size, except one. within thirty miles of Syra- cuse, has members in this organization. Through the inspiration of this society hundreds of new rose gardens haz'e sprung up. and many already in existence have been greatly enlarged and improi'ed. Among the direct results of the work of the year Syracuse is to have a municipal rose garden, and Syracuse University is plan- ning for a rose garden which will probably be located in front of the Carnegie Universit\- Library building. — Extract from Northern Christian .Idz'ocate, of Xew York. THE SMITH MEMORIAL. As the committee ( appointed at the Chicago conven- tion, with regard to the erection of a suitable memorial to the late William Robertson Smith in the National Cap- ital) has been continuously at work, since appointment, and has decided that the monument should take a form useful as well as ornamental in tlie sha]je of a memorial building to the father of the S. A. V . charter. The committee is very desirous of obtaining subscrip- tions. The chairman of the committee will be pleased to receive them, no matter how small, and will give proper receipt for the same and place it in bank at 4 per cent, interest until such time that the memorial can be erected or contract awarded. The committee has hopes of re- ceiving some large subscriptions, but feels that the flor- ists of the United -States should show their interest first before the large contributions are called for. The committee, therefore, asks that you now send in your subscriptions addressed to Mr. ^\'illiam F. Gude, Chairman, 1214 F. street, N. ^^'.. Washington, D. C, so that the memorial may take tangilile form at the earliest possible date. During the week just previous to Decoration Day, the lot and graves in beatutiful Rock Creek Cemetery, con- taining the bodies of Mr. and Mrs. \^'illiam Robertson Smith, were nicely trimmed and planted through the courtesy of Air. George W. Hess, superintendent of the United States Bontanic Gardens, under the direction of Mr. W. F. Gude. Washington representative of S. A. F. and O. H. On top of both graves are planted some Wichuriana roses, as Mr. Smith had often expressed a desire of hav- ing memorial roses planted on his grave. At the head of each grave a nice specimen of Anthericum \'ariegatum Scotch heather is planted, and at the foot Colluna \'n\- garis". Each grave is outlined with a border of nice plants of Anthericum \'ariegatum, Aphipogon Jaburan Variegata. The whole makes a very effective setting and quite a contrast to the long neglected spot. No doubt the Memorial Committee, which met in Chicago in 1912, will do what they can to erect some suitable stone on this beautiful lot, which is located in one of the most notable cemeteries in the United States. Just a short distance from the Smith section is the world's famous St. Gauden's masterpiece, the Statute of Grief; also the quaint old Episcopal Church, the brick of which was brought from England more than a hundred years ago, and still used daily, stands but a short distance in front of this spot. Manv of the notable families of the United States have mausdleums nearby. Friitti }\'iisJiiut/tun Pout, William Fv. Sniitli. tliu lati' su]iei-inteiicleiit of the United States Hotaiiic Gaiilen. and "the dean of American horticulture," who died in 1012, lived again last niglit at a bnsiness session and lawn party given in honor of the Florists' Club of Washington and their guests by William F. (iude. at his home. .3000 New Hamp- shire avenue northwest. Nearly 500 gniests, in(duding many in official life, attended the gathering. In tribute to Mr. Smith, who for 4.^ years was in the service of the Ignited States Botanic (iarden, and who was characterized as "one who had done more than any other to make Washington a "city beautiful'," it was proposed to erect a nienuirial in tliis city to Ins memory. It was suggested that the memorial be in the form of a conservatory, adajitable to the meetings of local and national florists' societies, and designed as a school for young men, where they could learn the science of horticulture, Richard Vincent, .Tr.. of White ilarsh, Md,, former president of tlie Society of American Florists, paid a tribute to Mr, Smith, in y recalling liim as one of the greatest authorities on Kobert Burn.s '**>. that ever lived. At a business session preceding the party, it was decided by the executive board of the Florists' Club of Washington to hold a flower show November 2 to 8 at the Masonic Temple, to contain exhibits from all over the country. It will be known as the Washington idirysanthemum show, undei- the auspices of the Florists' Club of Washington. WHERE BRAINS ARE NEEDED. "T claim it takes more l)rains to farm," said Ebenezer Brown, "Than what it does to git ahead and make a splash in town : Why, I know six or seven chaps from this here neigh- borhood Who went away to cities, where they're busy makin' good. "You take Chicago and New York — size up the big men there — The lawyer, doctor, merchant and the multimillion- aire — You'll find they've all been farmer boys, or li\ed in towns, at least. Where they could ha\e a chance to learn the wa^'S of bird and beast, "Now take these city cha])s who come to cultivate the land — I don't mean millionaires who farm for fun, ynu un- derstand — But take the common city folks wht) try to farm, and say ! It's pitiful the way they try to make their farmin" ])ay. "I've saw a dozen of 'em fail; I never seen one vet. Who managed to be prominent or not get into debt ; .^nd so I claim a man may make an awful splash in town .And not have l;rains enough to farm," said Ebenezer Brown. — S. E. Riser. The Sweet Pea of the Past and of the Future In surveying the development of the sweet pea since it was first introduced into England, one must marvel at the extraordinary development of the flower and the po- sition it occupies in the gardens of the world today. It has not only provided beauty and given immeasurable joy on account of its beauty, far in excess of any other flower, but it has provided material to the scientist, to the seed grower, to the seedsman and to the press calling for their respective abilities and putting them to the test in a great variety of ways. The (|uestion has arisen in many minds. "How long will it cnntinue?" For the last five years I have heard it said that the sweet pea was at the height of its popularity, but the height of the great mountain of sweet pea possibility has not yet been scaled. .A vear or two ago we stood on some promi- nence where the high peak seemed only a day's climb fur- ther, but today our climb has brought us to another height, from which we can yet see the highest peak far above, though the fog has not lifted from its summit, and we can onlv imagine the highest poiiU. .As we look hack and take in the view below, the scenery is grand. We have climbed over some rough parts, but our imagination urges us to climb yet higher, for as we climb this moun- tain our view will be finer and grander. We will have some rough places to conquer, oftentimes necessitating the use of guide ropes, but with the assurance that our fellow travelers are linked to us, these obstacles will be surmounted. Tlie first line along which we should consider the sub- ject is naturally the raising of varieties. The sweet pea, history records, was first noticed by Cupani, a monk in Sicily, in the year 1699, and a few seeds were sent to England. It was long before varia- tions took place, and about the year 1793 we find that black, i)urple, scarlet and white varieties were offered for sale. Seven years later a black purple was offered, and thirty-seven years later a striped flowered could be had. In 1860 the first edged variety appeared. Ten years la- ter Henrv Eckford, w'hose name will always be asso- ciated with sweet peas as long as sweet peas are grown, began his great life work. \'arieties now came much faster, but at first the stocks were badly mixed. While ignorant of the laws of Mendelism, h'ckford by careful selection was afterward able to put his novelties on the market fixed. The varieties of the past and their color- ing must have been considered wonderful, and to read over some of the descriptions given is now amusing, when we think of present-day flowers. The coming of the Spencer in 1901, and how this flower captivated all growers and brought about present conditions in the sweet pea world is well known. We have to be thankful, however, that the original Spencer sweet pea was such a beauty, as had Spencer form first appeared in some of our varieties today, the name of which I leave to you, I fear it would have passed un- noticed. 1^'ollowing Countess Spencer, novelties were showered on the market in profusion, but mostly in a wretched state of unfi.xedness. Seedsmen were too an.xious to sell their production, but gradually things have settled down and today conditions are much improved. Besides the coming of Spencers there were other va- riations of value. Of these the earl\- flowering type was IJerhaps the most important owing In its jjlace with flor- ists. Then the cupid varieties and bush varieties were introduced b\- the .\merican growers, but these never gained a wide popularity. The present day finds us with a list of sweet pea names some two thousand in number. From the list we can pick out such gems as King Edward Spencer, Elfrida Pearson, Countess Spencer, (ieorge Herbert, Mrs. Cuth- bertson, Alelba, Liertrand, Deal, Illuminator, Margaret Atlee, Morse's Monday Alorning, Margaret Madson 2d, Miriam Beaver 2d, Doris Usher, Helen Lewis, Hercules, King White, Rosabelle, Mrs. C. W. Breadmore. .America Spencer, Jessie Cuthbertson Spencer, R. F. Felton, Asta Ohn, Dainty Spencer, Thomas Stevenson, Nubian, Ver- milion Brilliant, etc. What wonderful coloring has been produced and what remarkable size. Fifteen years ago had we seen a jilant of Prima Donna or Katherine Tracy bearing four blossoms on one stem, with even a sugges- tion of the size of say Elfrida Pearson, even poorly grown, we should have looked for the immediate death of the plant. Truly the work of hybridizers has been wonderful, and whoever they may have been, lovers of flowers will pay tribute. The extensive list of Spencers in most diverse shades, bears ample testimony to their work. Some people, princiiially in .America, should be reminded that "even Burbank in all his glory has not ar- rayed one of these." What has the future in store? To my mind il will bring forth things which have never been dreamed of. Already we have had a glimpse of what is coming by the new true double flowers. These are quite different from the duplex type. They are most wonderful flowers, and will rival the most expensive orchid, perhaps not only in beaut\- but in price, as the seeding qualities are very light. Then in the early flowering section I look for good, fixed .Spencer flowers in colors suitable for florists, and with the desirable qualities of the early flowering varie- ties of the ])ast. There is \et much room for improve- ment in this section and an idea of what is to come can be had from the .Australian variety Yarrawa Spencer. In Cupids 1 look for an improvement in the form of Spencers having the Cupid growth and the long stems, large flowers, and colorings of the Spencer varieties. Perhaps one of the most remarkable changes in sweet [lea matters has been in the cultural methods. In years past the amateur dug his garden in the usual way, which was often poor enough, and then made a little drill with his hoe in which the peas were .sown as thickly as pos- sible. There were many ways resorted to in training them or supporting them. Onlv a few keen growers ever thought of manuring or feeding the plants, and the result was a fine, thick hedge of medium height. A great contrast to that i-~ the culture of the keen growers today. Growers have learned that thick planting was unnecessary, possibly they were helped to realize that by the price of seed. Then disbudding has been resorted to and the growing on the single stem system, thereby producing enormous flowers. It is nothing unusual to find growers sjjading the ground two and three feet deep incorporating man- ures with great care and knowledge. The plants are fed with manures during the flowering period and many col- ors shades from the sun's ray to preserve the color. The sweet pea plant is watched with anxious eyes from its first appearance above ground until the final blossom is cut. What our cultural methods will develop into is beyond me to saw but imjirovements will come. Following along present lines we might expect to see some of our grow- ers trying to grow their peas on the Dahlia system, allow- 78 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. ing only one blossom to a shoot. Personally, I hope they never get that far ; rather would I welcome a system of culture which will get awav from the single stem prin- ciple and tend towards the old-fashioned hedge, but pro- ducing flowers as large and as handsome as those pro- duced on single stemmed plants. Abstract from paper read by F. G. Cuthbcrtson, of San Francisco, before the American Sweet Pea Society at New York. PLANTING PEONIES. The peony is easy to grow, hardy everywhere without protection, and free from diseases and insect enemies. The flowers, which include white, yellow and every shade from flesh pink to deepest niaronn, are large and showy without being coarse. Once established, peonies are per- manent — large clumps have been flourishing and bloom- ing regularly in old gardens for a quarter of a century with no attention whatever. The peony family is divided into two general sections — the Peony officinalis, or herbaceous, and the Peony Moutan, tree or shrub peony, both of which are hardy. The former is the one that has been grown in the gar- dens of Europe and America for centuries, and is the forerunner of the present-day hybrids; the latter is an importation from Japan, where it is also grown in pots. The herbaceous are single, semi-double and double ; the Japanese family has a semi-double cup, in the center of which is a mass of petaloids, generally of a contrasting color or shade. Culture of the peony is comparatively simple, but for success two things must be kept in mind : It will not thrive in the shade or in a wet. undrained location. In locating a border or hedge of peonies look to the future as to shade. Give them the open border where they will have full sunshine. As a low hedge they fill every re- quirement if sufficient width is to be had. As the peony is a permanent planting it should have a permanent bed or border. Dig to a depth of not less than eighteen inches and fill the trench with good garden soil — soil from an old garden that has been kept in a high state of cultivation is the best — the peony will not tolerate fresh manure. If the subsoil is naturally well drained, no artificial drainage will be needed, but if it is of tough or sticky clay, or hardpan, a layer of drainage material consisting of broken stone or coarse cinders should be put in the bottom of the trench. Peonies may be planted either in late summer or spring. Do not advise late fall planting. If it is not convenient to plant in the spring as soon as the soil can be worked, postpone planting until the first week of August so the plants will make root growth before win- ter sets in. In taking up and dividing the peony, most of the small fibrous roots are lost, and the plant should have an opportunity to replace some of these before it is subjected to the rigors of winter. The question as to when to divide clumps of peonies is one for each gardener to decide, as it depends upon soil, climate and cultivation. It is safe to say that in the gar- den under the most intensive culture they will not need it in less than four years — the average is si.x. Aiier a year, when the flowers have shown a lack of brilliancy or size it is safe to divide the clumps if they have not been touched within five or six years ; the flowers are usually the best indicators. When dividing take up the whole plant and remove not less than three "eyes" to a division, avoiding loss of roots and bruising as far as possible. Mulch through the winter with leaves, straw, or well-rotted manure, and remove the mulch early in spring. Frequently peonies do not throw typical blooms the first blooming season ; the finest double ones may then give single or semi-double blossoms. It is not until the third blooming season that one can look for the most satisfactory results from the peony — no matter what the culture has been. — Country Life. AURICULAS FROM SEED. The enthusiastic grower of Auriculas will be anxious to raise some seedlings, and at this season, when these beautiful flowers are appearing, a short note on the sub- ject may be useful, for a man is not worthy of the name of florist if he does nothing in the way of seedling-raising to improve the flowers he cultivates. The selection of parents is very important, and only the best varieties should be crossed. It is also advisable to mate a green-edged variety with another belonging to the same group ; selfs should be crossed with selfs, and so on ; while among the alpines the yellow-centered forms should be crossed together, and this remark also applies to the white and cream centered kinds. Having selected an Auricula which it is intended to use as the mother plant, the anthers must be removed with a pair of sharp- pointed scissors before the pollen is distributed. When performing this operation, hold the plant in such a posi- tion that none of the pollen cases falls down the tube. After two or three days the stigma of the prepared flow- ers may be dusted over with pollen from another bloom, using a fine camel-hair brush to convey the pollen. The seed should be sown directly it is ripe, viz., about July and August, in seed-pans or ordinary flower pots. These are filled one-third of their depth with drainage, and the usual potting compost employed. Germination is some- times rather slow, and after pricking off the first batch the seed-pans may still be retained, because other seed- lings will eventually appear. When the young plants have made their first leaf after the two seed leaves, they can be pricked ofif at the rate of about a dozen in a 3-inch pot. As growth advances they should be placed three in a similar sized receptacle, and at the ne.xt potting one in a pot. while a 33^-inch or 4-inch will be large enough for their final move. It usually takes about eighteen months for a seedling to reach its full size. A suitable rooting medium consists of good fibrous loam two parts, leaf- mould one part, and decayed cow-manure one part, which ought to be well mixed three weeks or so before it is required. — E.vclmuge. PROGRESSIVE CURIOSITY. A hen stood on the garden lot. Whence all but her had fled. And didn't leave a planted spot In the early onion bed. With vim she worked, both feet and legs, And the gardener says he bets. She was trying to find the kind of eggs On which the onion sets. OUR COVER ILLUSTRATION. The illustration on the front cover is a reproduction of a photograph by William H. Waite, which shows an avenue of stately elms on Broadway, Yonkers, lining either side of "Greystone," the estate over which Mr. Waite presides. The propertv fmnts on both sides of the avenue. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 79 AMERICAN SWEET PEA SOCIETY SHOW. The sixth annual summer exhibition of the American Sweet Pea Society, which was held in the American Mu- seum of Natural iiistory, New York, on June 27 and 28, proved a pronounced success, both in the quality of the sweet peas shown and in the number of exhibitors. Some excellent displays were made by such firms as W. Atlee Burpee & Co., Arthur T. Boddington, and William Sim. The private growers were much in evidence and showed some excellent Howers. The feature of the private dis- play was an exhiliit by Win. Cjray, gardener to ]\Irs. W. B. Leeds, Newjjort, R. I. Harry Turner was manager of the show. The list of awards of the private growers' classes follows : The Peter Henderson & Co's prizes for 12 vases, 20 sprays to a va.se. of 12 distinct varieties of Spencer sweet pea.s — Mrs. W. B. Leeds, Newport, E. I. (VVm. Gray, Gr.), lst;\Giraud Foster, Lenox, Mass. iKdwin Jenkins, 8iipt.), 2nd; M. T. Coclccroft, Saugatnok, Conn. (Adam Paterson, Gr.), 3rd. Tlie Artliur T. Boddington prizes for a collection of sweet peas, 25 varieties, not less than 2.') stems to a vase, to be shown with sweet jjea foliage only — Mrs. \V. B. Ijceds, 1st; Adolph Lewisohn, Ardslev, N. Y. (J'no. Canning. Gr.), 2nd; Mrs. Benj. Stern, Roslvn, L. L ("W. U. Robertson, Gr.).'3rd. Tlie Stnnipp & A^'alter Co.'s prizes for six vases of sweet peas, six distinct Spencer varieties, 20 sprays to the vase — J. J. Downey, Portchester, N. Y. (Thos. Ryan, Gr.), 1st; Girand Foster, 2nd; Mrs. Robt. \\inthrop, Lenox. Mass. (A. Carlquist, Gr.), 3rd. Tlio Henry A. Dreer prizes for the best vase of Florence Night- ingale sweet peas — H. Darlington, Mamaroneck, N. Y. (P. W. Popp, Gr. I, 1st; J. W. Pepper, Jenkintown, Pa. (W. Robertson, Gr.), 2nd. Vase Queen Alexandra Spencer sweet peas — J. W. Pepper, 1st. Vase White Spencer sweet peas — Girand Foster, 1st; J. W. Pep- per, 2nd. The Mount Desert Nurseries' prizes for the best vase of sweet peas, one variety, any color, 25 stems arranged for effect. Any other foliage tlian sweet pea may be used — Mrs. W. B. Leeds. 1st; H. W. Fischer, New Canaan, Conn. (R. Bottoniley, Gr.), 2nd. The Watkins & Simpson prize for six vases Spencer sweet peas, six distinct colors, 25 sprays to a vase — Paul 'SI. Warburg, Harts- dale, N. Y. (Frank C. Luckenbacher, Gr.). 1st. Twenty-five blooms sweet peas, Apple Blossom Spencer, witli foliage. "The Michell Silver Medal— Paul M. Warburg, 1st. Vase sweet peas, Spencer varieties mi.xed with foliage, not less than ion l)looms. The Michell Silver Medal— M. T. Cockcroft, 1st. The Knight c& Struck Co.'s prizes for best vase of sweet peas, containing 25 sprays, in variety, of whicli no two are alike in shading — Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 1st; J. J. Downey, 2nd; Girand Foster, 3rd. The Burnett Brothers' prize for the best tliree vases of sweet peas; distinct colors. 50 sprays to a vase — Paul M. Warburg, 1st. Tlie American Sweet Pea Society's prizes for the best display for ell'ect, covering a round table about four feet across — A. A. Mason, Tuxedo, N. Y. (David S. Miller, Gr.), 1st; Highlawn, Lenox, Mass. (Geo. Foulshain, Gr.), 2nd. Decoration for table of eight covers, glasses, cutlery and linen to be used — F. Berthused, Grevstone, Yonkers, N. Y., 1st; H. L. Pratt, Glen Cove, L. I. (Hy. Gaut, Gr.), 2nd. The W. Atlee Burpee cup for the finest 12 vases of sweet peas, 12 varieties — Paul M. Warburg. 1st. The W. Atlee Burpee prizes for the best vase of one variety of Spencer type sweet peas introduced 1914 — J. J. Downey. 1st; Girand Foster, 2nd; Mrs. Moses Taylor, Mt. Kisco, N. Y. (Alex. Thomson, Gr.), 3rd. The Sutton & Sons' prize for the best table of sweet peas, cov- ering 12 square feet, and not to exceed three feet in height— Highlawn, 1st. The Weeber & Don prize for vase of 1(X) sprays mixed sweet peas, arranged for eftect — W. E. Reis (M. Grunert, Gr.), 1st. The Horticultural Society of New York Prizes: Twenty-five sprays, any pure white — Mrs. Robt. Winthrop. 1st, with Kiiig White; Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 2nd; Giraud Foster, 3rd. Twenty-five sprays, any crimson or scarlet — Mrs. Robt. Win- throp. 1st. Vermilion Brilliant; Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 2nd; Mrs. Moses Taylor, 3rd. Twenty-five sprays, any rose or carmine — Giraud Foster, 1st. with Geo. Herbert; Mrs. Moses Tavlor, 2nd; Paul M. Warburg, 3rd. Twenty-five sprays, any light pink — Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 1st, with Elfrida Pearson; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 2nd; Mrs. Moses Tay- lor, 3rd. Twenty-five spraj's, any deep pink — Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 1st, with Constance Oliver ; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 2nd : Mrs. Moses Tay- lor, 3rd. Twenty-live sprays, any blue — Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 1st, with lilue Jacket; (iiraud Foster, 2nd; Mrs. Robert Winthrop, 3rd. Twenty-livo sprays, any cerise — Daniel (t. Reid, Irvington, N. Y. (Arthur Golding, supt.), 1st, with John Ingman; J. D. Barron, Rye, N. Y. (J. Linane, Gr.), 2nd. Twenty-five sprays, any cream or cream yellow — Giraud Foster, 1st, with Primrose Beauty; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 2nd; Mrs. Moses Taylor. 3rd. Twenty-live sprays, any .salmon or orange — Mrs. Kdlit. Win- throp, 1st; Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 2nd; (iiraud Foster, 3rd. Twenty-five sprays, any lavender or mauve — Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 1st; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 2nd; (iiiraud Foster, 3rd. Twenty-five sprays, any violet or purple — Giraud Foster, 1st, with Purple Prince; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 2nd; J. M. Cooke, Tarrytown, N. Y.. 3rd. Twenty-live sprays, any I'icotce edged — A. A. Mason. 1st, witl« Elsie Herbcrf : Mrs. A. Crane. Stamfurd. Conn.. 2nd; Mrs. W. B. Leeds, 3rd. Twenty-live sprays, any striped or llaked red or rose — Mrs. W. B. Leed-, 1st. with -American Spencer; Giiaud Foster, 2nd; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 3rd. Twenty-live sprays, any striped or flaked blue or purple— Mrs. \A". B. Leeds, 1st, with Loyalty; Mrs. Moses Taylor, 2nd; Giraud Foster, 3rd. Twenty-five sprays, any bicolor other than Picotee-edged — Mrs. \\'. B. Leeds, 1st, with .Sirs. Cutlilicrtsou; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 2nd; Mrs. Moses Taylor, 3rd. Twenty-five sprays, any other color distinct from the almve — Girand Foster, 1st, with Senator Spencer; Mrs. Robt. Winthrop, 2)1(1; Mrs. Moses Taylor, 3rd. The F. R. Pierson Cup awarded to the exhibitor t;iking the most first prizes in section G— Mrs. W. B. Leeds. The Garden Magazine achievement medal awarded to the finest vase of sweet peas in section G — Mrs. W. B. Leeds. The following varieties were exhibited for the Boddington Challenge cup, 25 vases in 25 varieties; Alfrida Pierson, Lady Evelyn Eyre, Charles Foster, Empress Eugenie, Martha Wash- ington, Mrs. C. W. Breadmore, Prince George, Wm. Nubian, Queen of Norway, Dorothy Tennant. Wedgew'ood, Hercules. Thos. Cuth- bertson. Blue Jacket, Clara Carter, Mayd Holmes, Helen Lewis, Loyalty, King White, Rosabelle, Etta Dyke, America, Thos. Stevenson, Orchid and John Ingman. MRS. W. B. LEED'.S (WM. GRAY, GARDENER, NEWPORT, R. I.) COLLECTION OF 25 VASES IN 25 VARIETIES, WINNING THE BODDINGTON CHALLENGE CUP. THE CONVENTION. A fairly good attendance was present at the annual convention of the .Xmerican Sweet Pea Society, which was held on .Saturday afternoon of the annual flower show in the .Museum building. F. R. Pierson, president of the Horticultural Society of New York, welcomed the visitors, which was responded to by Vice-president Ar- thur M; Kirby, of the Sweet Pea Society. President William Sim spoke briefly on the progress of the sweet pea and the growing interest in its national society. The secretary, Harry A. Bunyard, in his report said: Right at this spot six years ago almost to a day, .July 7, 1909, The American Sweet Pea Society was born. At that time T said, "The Sweet Pea Society should be a success, must be a success." I leave it to you that at least we are on our way. if we take the trouble to look over the exhibits now shown here in this build- ing, perliaps the finest general exhibit of Sweet Peas ever shown in this country — if not in the world. Nearly sixty exhibitors and over 2000 vases of Sweet Peas besides table and other dec- orative features. 80 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. We have witli us today nearly all our cliarter members with perhaps one great exception, the gentleman who helped us to organize our -society when we needed all the moral support that could be brought to bear. I allude to tlie late Prof. John Craig, ■who was indeed a gentleman and a scholar and who organized our trial grounds at Cornell University and which today are under the efficient guidance of Prof. A. C. Beal. The following bulletins have been issued up to date; Xo. 319, '■WinterHowering Sweet Peas"; Xo. 32(1. "Culture of the Sweet Pea." and Xo. 342, "Classification of (iarden Varieties of the S\\eet Pea"; all of which have been sent to the horticultural press and to our members in good standing; today they are standard works. In the past ten j-ears, there have been great strides and ad- vancement made in the Sweet Pea. From the Granditlora type has evolved the Spencer type, the Winter-flowering Grandifloras and now the Winter-flowering Spencers. The American Sweet Pea Society has helped to advertise the Sweet Pea for us all and has helped to put it on the horticultural map. I want to thank the liorticultural press at this time however, for their unqualified support and for the gentlemen who are not only members, but who have given tlieir time and financial sup- port far beyond their obligations to tlie societ.y. We have today all told, about 20(1 members in good standing and 14 life members. Our financial condition is healthy; no big surplus, but money enough to take care of all obligations. Apart from the exhibition, we do not owe a penny and this is so far financed that we shall more than come out even ; through guar- iintees, donations and prizes generously ofl'ered by the trade and others. We have no paid officers. During tlie past si.x years we have lield nine exhibitions; six Summer and three Winter; two in X'ew York, under the auspices of the Horticultural Society of Xew York; two in Boston, under the auspices of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society; one in Philadeljjhia, under the auspices of the Pennsylvania Horticul- tural Society, and the three Winter exliibitions in co-operation with the S. A. F. and O. H. X^ational and other flower shows awarding dining that time nearly .*10,IM)(| in cash, (Mip*. medals and other prizes in kind. I am grateful for all our snpjiort, especially to the Horticul- tural Society of Xew York, the Massachusetts Horticultural So- ciety and the Pennsylvania Horticultural Society, who have lieen more than generous and courteous in the past. The future, too. is brighter today than ever for oiu- youthful and useful society, and in conclusion I might add tlie proi)hetic simile of the Rev. W. T. Hutchins, I "The Sweet Pea has a keel that was meant to seek all shores; it has wings that were meant to fly across all ■continents; it has a standard which is friendly to all nations; it has a fragrance like the universal Gospel; yea. a sweet prophecy of welcome everywhere that has . been abundantly fulfilled." HARRY" A. BUXn^\RD. F. G. Ciithbertson, of San Francisco, Cal, extended an invitation to the society to hold its 191. t convention in that city in connection with the Panama-Pacific Exposi- tion, The invitation was referred to the executive com- mittee. In the election of officers, which followed, Leslie L. Morse, of San Francisco, was elected president ; A. M. Kirby, re-elected vice-president ; Harry A. Bunyard, of New York, re-elected secretary ; Arthur T. Bodding:ton, of New York, re-elected treasurer; John H. Pepper, of New York, re-elected recording- secretary. William Sim was elected to the vacancy on the executive committee. Professor A. C. Beal made an interesting report on the society's trial grounds at Cornell University, which provoked considerable discussion of a favorable nature, in which Messrs. Boddington, Fuld and Kirby partici- pated. It was decided that these tests should be con- tinued. Mr. Cuthbertson followed with an interesting paper on "Sweet Peas — Past, Present and Future'" (ex- tracts of which will be found in another column of the Chronicle). The meeting then adjourned to attend a banquet of the judges at the Hotel Endicott, It was authoritatively stated that the success of the Sweet Pea show in New York this summer assures a similar show for New York City in 1915, THE BANQUET. The banquet was a very enjoyable af¥air. The menu was excellent and the speeches were brief and to the point, A. T. Boddington acting as toastmaster. The toasts and those who responded were as follows: The Horticultural Society of New York, T. R. Pierson ; the Judges, Geo. Kerr ; the American Sweet Pea Society and the Sweet Pea, Wm. Sim and Harry Bunyard ; the Panama-Pacific Internatiimal Exposition, Frank G. Cuthbertson ; the New ^'ork Florists' Club, Jos. A. Alanda ; the Wholesale Grower, A. Herrington ; the Re- tail Florist, G. E. M, Stumpp ; the Gardener, W. Angus ; the Amateur. J. W. Everett ; the Seedsman, A. AI. Kir- by ; the Press, J. Harrison Dick; the Ladies, J. H. Pepper. Those present were: William Sim, F. R. Pierson, G. E. M. Stumpp, Jos. A. Manda, Robert Koehne, Samuel Burnett, Harry Turner. J. H. Dick, W. H. Waite, Frank G. Cuthbertson. John Canning, Percy E. Hicks, Wm. (7iray, A. F, Faulkner, W. Angu=, C. Knight, Geo. Kerr, 1. Carman, ]. S. Lvnes, C. W, Ashmead, J. Austin Shaw, J. H. Pepper, Harry Bunyard, A, G. Calkin, J, W. Everett, Philip Freud, Fred Michell, Jr., A. Watkins, .\. M. Kirbv and Superintendent Foulk. PRELIMINARY SCHEDULE. American Gladiolus Society Annual Exhibition, Boston, Mass., August i8, 19 and 20, 1914. OPEX CLASS. Vaughan's Seed Store — $10, best 25 spikes Gladiolus Mrs. Francis King; Vaughan Silver Medal, best 25 spikes Chicago White; $5, best 25 t)looms Vaughan's Xew Primulinus Sunbeam. E. E. Stewart — $5, best 12 spikes of Black Beauty; $5, best 12 si)ikes of Golden Queen; $5, best 12 spikes of Lucille; $5, best 12 spikes of Michigan. \\'. E. Fryer— $5, best 6 spikes Gladiolus Mrs. W. E. Fryer. T. A. Haveme.ver — $10, best 6 spikes wdiite; $10. best 6 spikes pink or shades of pink; $1U. best 6 spikes yellow; $10, best 6 spikes blue or lavender; $10, best 6 spikes red or shades of red; .$10. best G spikes or an}' other ccdor. (In judging, the following points are to be taken into considera- tion; color, as clear as possible: size, large and well expanded bloom: spike, strong with flowers evenly set.) \A'. Atlee Burpee & Co. — $10. best collection 10 varieties 6 spikes each. H. W. Koerner — $.5. best 12 spikes American Wonder; $5, best 12 spikes Twilight Chief; $5. best 12 spikes American Giant. Jacob Thomann & Sons — $5, best 25 spikes of any white variety. ilontague Chandjerlain — $10. best white seedling 3 spikes; $10. best yellow seedling 3 spikes; $10, best pink seedling 3 spikes. GARDEXERS' CLASS. John Lewis Childs — For collection 10 vases Gladiolus Childsi named varieties, $10 first prize, .$5 second prize. H. W. Koerner — .$5, best 12 spikes American Wonder; .$5, best 12 spikes Twilight Chief; $5, best 12 spikes American Giant. Ivnight & Struck Co. — For Vase containing 3 spikes Gladiolus Mrs. Frank Pendleton, $3 first prize, .$2 second prize; for vase containing 3 spikes Gladiolus Badenia, $3 fir.st prize, -$2 second prize. "The Modern Gladiolus Grower" — Silver Cup valued at $15. For largest and best display of mixed and named varieties, to contain at least 6 named varieties, correctly labeled. Three spikes each. Jacob Thomann & Sons — .$5, best 3 spikes of any white variety. L. Merton Gage — $5, best vase of 10 varieties, one spike each. G. D. Black — 60 bulbs Golden King. Best vase of yellow varieties. American Gladiolus .Society — Best exhibit of at least 15 varieties 3 spike* each, correctly labeled. Silver Medal first ))rize; Bronze Medal second prize. OPPORTUNITY. To each man's life there comes a time supreme; One day, one night, one morning or one noon. One freighted hour, one moment opportune. One rift through which sublime fulfilments gleam. Ah, happy he who, knowing how to wait. Knows also how to watch and work and wait. On life's broad deck alert, and at the prow To seize the passing moment, big with fate. From opportimity's extended hand. When the great clock of destiny strikes Xow! — Selected. The White House Gardens, Washington, D. C. The illustrations jliown are repruductitm^ of recent photographs of the White House (lardens, adjoining the Chief Executive's mansion, at Washington. 1). C. The gardens located south of the White House, which were known as the colonial gardens of Mrs. Roosevelt, were originally designed and jilanted by the late Geo. H. Brown, landscape gardener of the office of public build- ings and grounds. These gardens were entirely re- modeled last Fall and are divided into two sections — known as the east and west gardens. Miss Beatrice Jones, lanscape architect, prepared the plans for the remodeled east garden. It called for material which was not available, so after consultation with Mrs. Wil- son it was decided to substitute some of the evergreens and hedges called for but not to interfere with the .gen- eral outline of the plans. The planting of the herbaceous borders and the four panel beds was personally supervised over by Mrs. Wil- son, whose excellent taste for blending colors was fully demonstrated by the >plendid results produced at the time the photographs here shown were taken. Some of the evergreens and shrubs used in the east garden are [uni|ieru,~ X'irginiana glauca, RoUinson's aijorvitae. Osinanthus. iilicifolius, Euorymus japonica, Kalniics, Althea and Roca sete.gera. The herbaceous jilants used were Hollyhocks, Foxglox-es, Phloxes, Anemones, Lu- pens Coreopsis, Seanthus. Wallflowers. Lilium Cande- dum, Iberes, Sweet Al\ssum, Peonies, M\osotes Elnglish Daisies, Pansies. Japanese and German Iris. The plan for the west garden was prepared by (Seorge I'.urnap, landscape architect of the office of Public Build- ings and (jrounds L)ei)artment, and it will be seen that the design is entirely different from that of the east gar- den, it being Mrs. Wilson's desire to avoid similarity. In the background of the photograph reproduced of the west garden n\ the State. War and Navy Departments can be seen and immediately in front of it is the president's office building. On the right hand side between the hedge and corridor is a walk leading directh- to tlie president's office. The archwa\'s are of pri\ct with a row on eitiier side of standard roses. Look- ing west are two \ery fine Irish yews, between which is to be placed a statue with .i background of ivy. The lattice work is ])lanted with climbing roses which, when they reach the pergola, will be |)ermitted to hang over. Some of the varieties of roses planted in this garden are Killarneys. .\ntoine Revoire. Duchess de Brabant and Lady Hillington. The effect ])roduced when these roses were in full bloom was a beautiful one and brought forth a .great deal of favorable comment from visitors to the garden. Mrs. Wilson also supervised the ]ilant- ing of this garden, and, as in the other garden, her re- fined taste is very much in evidence. The construction work in the remodeling of these gar- dens was under the immediate direction of Colonel W. W . Harts, the engineer officer in charge of public build- ings and grounds, who combines with his engineering ability quite a taste for the beautiful. .Mrs. Wilson's interest is by no means confined to the outside gardens, for she is equally as fond of the green- houses as she is of the outside plantings. During her spart moments she never misses an opportunity to pay them a visit. Her favorite flowers are the roseS' — Sun- burst. Radiance. American Beauty, and the Killarneys. Enchantress is her favorite carnation, and these are grown in abundance in the White House greenhouses. Tropical flowering and folia.ge pla'nts are also grown in these houses in large quantities to sujiply the interior decorations of the Executive Mansion. The gardens and greenhouses are in charge of Head Gardener Charles Henlock. Mr, Henlock has been eni- ])loyed (Ml the White House grounds for nearly a quarter of a century. For twenty years he was under the late George H. Brown, but for the last five years has had entire charge of the White House park, greenhouses and gardens. He came direct to Washington from Eng- land where he was previously employed under the late .\rchibald Barron, superintendent of the Royal Horticul- tural Society '.s gardens at Chiswick. Mr. Henlock's ability is well exemplified in the perfect upkeep of the White House grounds and the excellent stock which is produced in the greenhouses. A VIEW OF THE WES i.XKDEN. WHITE HOUSE GROUNDS, .SHOWIXr, THE PRESIDEXT'S OFl'lCE IN FORECROUNn. ST.\TE, W.\K AND NAVY DEPARTMENT BUII.DING IN BACKGROUND. H U Q td tn O Z en H O t. < O Z H O o z 3 < J z w « < u S < en H Z [4 Q w 0. THE EAST (.AUni-.N, WHITE HOUSE GKuU.XUS, WASHINGTON, D. C, IN WHICH MRS. WILSON MANIFESTS A KEEN PERSONAL INTEREST AND PERSONALLY SUPERVISED THE PLANTINC. A DISTANT \-IEW OF THE EAST GARDEN, WHITE HOUSE GROIWD.-.. WASHINGTON. D. C, SIHJWINC THE I!UII.DlNc;S OF VARIOUS DEPARTMENTS IN BACKGROUND. 84 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. MARTIN C. EBEL, Managing Editor. Published by CHRONICLE PRESS M. E. MAYNARD, President. A. A. FAY, Sec'y. Office of Publication 1 Montgomery Street, Jersey City, N. J. New York Office 236 WILLIAM STREET. NEW YORK CITY. Single Copies, 10 Cent Subscripbon Price, 12 Months, $1.00 Foreign, $1.50 Entered as second class matter February 18, 1905, at the Post Office at Jersey City, N. J., under Act of Congress of March 3, 1879. Published on the 15th of each month. Advertising forms close on the 10th preceding publication. For information regarding advertising rates, etc., address Adyertising Department, Gakdeneks' Chronicle, Madison, N. J. ADOPTED AS THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GARDENERS President, Vice-President, Treasurer, WM. H. WAITE, J. W. EVERETT, JAMES STUART, Yonkers, N. Y. Glen Cove, N. Y. Mamaroneck, N. Y. Secretary, MARTIN C. EBEL, Madison. N. J. TRUSTEES FOR 1914. Peter Duff, Orange. N. J.; William Kleinheini, Ogontx, Pa.; William Duckham, Madison, N. J.; .-Mexander MacKenzie, Highland Falls, N. Y.; John H. Dodds, Wyncote, Pa. DIRECTORS. To serre until 1915 — John Shore, Harrison, N. Y.; Thomas Proctor, Lenox, Mass.; William .N. Craig, Brookline, Mass.; Frank E. Witney, Fishkill, N. Y. ; Robert Williamson, Greenwich, Conn.; F. Kirk, Bar Harbor, Me.; James Bell, New York, N. Y. To serve until 1916— Thomas W. Logan, Jenkintown, Pa.; John F. Huss, Hartford, Conn.; Jas. MacMachan, Tuxedo Park, N. Y.; A. Bauer, Deal Beach, N. J.; John W. Jones, Pittsburgh, Pa.; Alexander McPherson, Washington, D. C; James C. Shield. Monticello, III. To serve until 1917— A. J. Smith, Lake Geneva, Wis.; Theodore Wirth, Minneapolis, Minn.; Wm. Hetrick, San Gabriel, Cal.; Robert Angus, Tarrytown, N. Y. ; Robert Bottomley, New Canaan, Conn.; Alex. Fraser, Newport, R. I.; Arthur Smith, Reading, Pa. Vol. XYUl. JULY, 1914. No. Elsewhere in these columns we print several communi- cations from young men of the gardening profession. They are of the kind that express the right spirit ; the sort that will lead to success if the writers will follow the thoughts they are sending forth. "A Young Mem- ber" advises well when he says that the young men must not conceal within themselves what their capaliilities are, hut must seek opportunity where others can learn of them. We are reminded of a message received from a professor of one of the leading agricultural colleges, fol- lowing his visit to the Xew York Flower Show, in which he expressed gratification over having had the pleasure "to meet such prominent horticulturists as Waite, Totty, Turner. Duckham and Herrington,"' of whom he had heard and read so much about. Xone of the men men- tioned will claim to have accomplished more in his profession than many other men are acconijjlishing. but they possess the wisdom to "let their light so sliine be- fore men that they may see their good works." When opportunity presented itself they were ever ready and willing to display their ability and did not hesitate to reveal to others the knowledge they possessed, which made them prominent in their profession and gained a reputation for them as leaders in horticulture. There are many gardeners who have had, and still have ec|ual opportunity for prominence in their profession, but who persist in hiding within themselves. The sentiment expressed by "Assistant Gardener" voices our own sentiments, which we have not hesitated to express from time to time in these columns. We have met many young men who would prefer the position of head gardener on a small place at poor pay, and where their chances to gain more than the limited knowledge they already possess of their profession is nil, to that of a well paid assistant's position on a complete private estate where every opportunity presents itself for better education. They seek their title early, but in time must join the ranks of the so-called gardeners, for when opportunity sought them they failed to grasp it. We believe the experience of Frederick Liston is not a common one. Such places as he refers to do not really want real gardeners, but garden laborers. There is no way to regulate such comlitions, as is suggested bv him, for the man who buys service and material has the mak- ing of his terms: it is left to the seller to accept or reject as he sees fit. ( )ne of the well-known llritish firms of seed growers is capitalizing the fact, in a pamphlet which is being cir- cularized world wide, that its share of the order for the U. S. Congressional free seed distribution this year amounted to no less than forty-four tons and that orders for the free seeds went to four other English, French and Dutch seed growers. We can hardly conceive why this wasteful appropria- tion of many millions of dollars should be permitted to find its way abroad, and why, if Congress will insist on continuing this much abused free seed practice, a stipula- tion is not included in the appropriation that the money is to l)e expended for .\merican grown seeds only. Though Congress may persist in being wasteful with public funds it should at least remain patriotic. Or is it that the .Vmerican seed growers have refused to become a party to this graft of pulilic funds — it is nothing more — to serve congressmen whose constituents will stoop to accept the favor of a few packets of seeds in return for their support at the polls. The farce of it all is that the farmer is being burdened with governmental bulle- tins instructing him how to part with his money, but when Congress has the opportunity to turn some his way it ships it abroad to be distributed among European farmers. PRESAGE OF WOE. My mood is most gloomy and sober. Though joyously fair is the sky ; I pine for the frosts of October, And this is Jul\-. Green-rimmed by its tapering rushes The little brook gurgles along : The willow copse peopled with thrushes Is vibrant with song. XN'ith nature thus voicing its gladness, With all its sweet features aglow, 'Twere really the acme of madness To prophesy woe. xA.nd yet I have cause to be glooming. Ay ! very grave cause to be blue : Toda)' I found rag-weed a-blooming — My hay-fever's due ! ^ly mood is decidedly sober ; The terrors of -\ugust are nigh ; I pine for the frosts of October, And this is July — Selected. THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 85 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION NOTES M. C. EBEL, Secretary. MADISON, N. J. DOINGS OF THE COOPERATIVE COMMITTEE The Xatiunal C<_Miperati\e C < Jinniittcc wliich is to operate in conjunction with the cooperative committees api)ointed by the local societies, expects to have its plan completed by the early fall and be prepared to send out its first communication at that time setting forth what its contemplated plan of action is. It will indicate how the local committees can aid the cooperative nio\'cment. THE SUMMER MEETING. John Young, secretary of the S. A. F., in charge of arrangements of the meetings at the S. A. F. conven- tion, has appointed Wednesday morning, August 19. as our meeting time in the convention hall. Full particulars of the meeting and its program will be published in the August issue of the Chronicle, which will be issued in advance of the convention. As reported in the June issue, several able speakers have expressed their will- ingness to appear at the meeting to address it on sub- jects interesting to the gardening profession. THE NEW YORK TO BOSTON TRIP. -Members contemplating making the trip from New- York to Boston via the outside route of steamers, which land direct in Boston, should lose no time in communi- cating with the secretary to reserve their accommoda- tions. The fare from New York to Boston is four dollars. Outside stateroom two dollars. Inside state- room one dollar. Staterooms contain two berths each. The Copley Square Hotel will Ije the official head- quarters of the X. A. (].. and accommodations may be reserved there b\' applying before the convention. The rates are as follows: Single room without bath, $1.50 per day; larger outside room, $2; cnurt room, with pri- vate bath. $2 a day ; outside room, with private bath, $3 a day. The above rates are for one person ; $1 addi- tional per day will be charged for two persons occupy- ing one room. Reservations may be made either through the secretary or by ajjplying direct to the hotel, men- tioning the N. A. (i. in making reservations to obtain above favorable rates. THE ASSOCIATION'S BY-LAWS FOR DIS- TRIBUTION. Notice is again given that the Constitution and By- Laws of the association have been printed in book form for distribution among any of its members who may desire to obtain a copy of the same. A request to the secretary's otifice for a copy will receive prompt atten- tion, and a copy of the By-Laws will be forwarded to any member who may apply for one. A TIMELY SUGGESTION. I would like to make a suggestion to you, which your speech at Lake Geneva brought to me. You said that you specially wanted to get the young gardeners inter- ested in the National Association of Gardeners. I was thinking that it would be something of an inducement if you were to have an annual essa)' competition, or some- thing similar, for young gardeners who never have had a head gardener's place, and who are members of the association. If certificates were awarded. I am sure that the luck\- reci])ients would Ijc very proud of them, and the ones who were less fortunate would try harder the next time. I would be pleased if you would bring this before the next meeting of the N. A. G. to see if they would approve of it. Hoping that you will give this your consideration. Lake Genev.mti-:. Lake Geneva, Wis. The foregoing communication will be referred to the National Cooperative Committee of the National Asso- ciation of Gardeners, which is empowered to act on such matters. The writer may rest assured that his sugges- tion will receive favorable consideration. AMONG THE GARDENERS .Samuel Balchelor, for the past twelve years gardener at Crosswicks Farms, Jenkintown, Pa., of which Thomas W. Logan is superintendent, has secured the position of manager of "Tahoma," the estate of Frank C. Little- ton, Mamaroneck, N. Y. * * * Peter Duff, superintendent of "Brighthurst," Orange, N. J., sailed for .Scotland on July 4. It is expected that Mr. Dufif will be home again in time for the summer meeting of the N. A. (.;.. of which he is a trustee. * * * It has just become noised about that Stanley Candler, superintendent of the W. B. Thompson estate, Yonkers, N. \'.. took the marriage vow early in June — fuller par- ticulars are lacking, but congratulations are in order. * * * \\''alter Miller recently accepted the position of head gardener on the estate of Dr. Williams, Prospect street, Hartford, Conn. Mr. Miller was previously engaged on the commercial establishment of A. N. Pierson, Inc., Cromwell, Conn. \\'. C. Rust, superintendent of the Weld Estate, Pirookline, Mass., has the sympathy of his many gar- dening friends over the death of his father, Robert Rust, who was a well-known gardener in Scotland. * * * .Arthur I Icrrington, of Madison, N. J., has been ap- pointed manager of the August show to be held in New- port, R. I., under the auspices of the Newport (harden Club and Horticultural Society. * * * John Dodds, superintendent of Lindenluu'st. the Wanamakcr estate, ^^'ync(llc, Pa., sails on the -S. -S. Celtic. July 23, for a six weeks' vacation to England and Scotland, accompanied li}- his daughter. Miss Mary Dodds. Mr. Dodds e.xpecls to visit some of the large estates in England and Scotland on his trip. SUMMER MEETING National Association of Gardeners, Boston, Mass., August 19, 1914 86 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. A SPIRIT WORTHY OF ENCOURAGEMENT. INIuch has been said and written comparing the stand- ard of efficiency of present-dav young gardeners with those of past generations. The young gardeners of to- day are too often the subject of unjust and biased criti- cism by members of the old school, but most assuredly the high standard to which gardening has now attained has been, and still is, being wrought by the alert, keenly interested and industrious young men of the profession equally as much, if not more, than by the old-timers. The whole basis of horticulture has developed until now we have gardening schemes that were never dreamt of twenty or thirty years ago. This being so, is it not true that in order to become thoroughly proficient a young gardener has nowadays a more complex problem to deal with than was hitherto the case? Gardening of today demands of a man a keener in- tellect, untiring industry and uniform courtesy, as well as a knowledge of science, since he is e.xpected to know the chemical constituents of the various fertilizers, in- secticides and fungicides which he handles, to say noth- ing of the engineering side of things. How often nowadays are gardeners called upon to superintend electric light plants, pumping engines, and so forth? To mv mind this adverse criticism to which we all are too frequently subject is due to the fact that we ourselves are reluctant in giving publicity to our own convictions. Surely those of us who have a sufficient love for our calling to become members of the National Association, and readers of the official organ, could, if only we tried, make the paper even more interesting for one another by an occasional contribution to its pages. We could scarcely hope to enlighten the old-time war- riors, farther than letting them see that we were right on the path of fitting ourselves to become their worthy successors bv aiming at something higher than a mere struggle for an existence to be gained from the land we cultivate. The daily charm which our environment affords at different seasons of the year would cease were it possible to maintain a sameness of things the year round. To the enthusiast each change of season brings its own peculiar enchantment, and lovers of horticulture ought to be grateful that the year and the human heart have room for changes. To what end. then, would this aptitude for acquiring a literary talent lead us? Surely to a wider conception as to future requirements of the gardening art and a fresh interest in life, besides its being a stimulus to our daily work. Men who live entirely within their own little sphere in time become narrow of perception, and the humdrum of their daily toil proves burdensome, even though they themselves might be physically fit. Most of us can do our share of the actual work, but when ar- rangements for future months and, indeed, some times years, come under consideration, we shall feel the bene- fit to be gleaned at this time from a careful and frequent exercise of our own minds, and the more scope we allow ourselves in this direction the better equipped shall we be to take the place of those who are wont to criticise our feeble yet earnest efforts. "A Young Member." Southampton, N. Y. soliool liave liecn lookiiijj on nml like the young rooster, would like to try a hand a-crowing now tliat the old ones are through, or apparentlj- so. So we beg to be allowed to set forth our views as one who is working in the ranks of assistant gardeners and therefore able to bear the trend of feeling in tliat direction. The desire of most persons who enter gardening is to get to the top, and that as soon as possible. So should it be; but there is one very iin[iortant faetor which many seem to overlook. "'Will I be competent to hold a job and can I give results that would reflect credit upan the profession to which I belong?" is a thought that occurs to a very small percentage. The fact that a man has worked as assistant for fifteen years, or that he is thirty years old next birthday, does not make him a competent gardener any more than because he can run a gi'eenhouse satisfactorily he can also manage an estate. Another thing that is responsible for inefficiency among gardeners is tliat as soon as a young man enters the business lie wants a job in the "houses" so as to be steady, and no attention whatever is paid to the outdoor branches of the work once he has started to pull weeds out of the benches and scrub the walks. Furthermore, there are some in our ranks who have had a limited experience in more than one branch of the art, and who do think they are fully equipped for the many duties that devolve upon the real gardener. A sliort time ago we read in a well known trade paper an ad- vertisement something like this; "WAXTED — Situation as Head Gardener or Superintend- ent on gentleman's country estate. Life experience in all branches of horticulture. First-class references. Age 23." Comment is needless, but this serves to show that some who enter the profession think it can be learned in a very short time. Fifteen years seems a long time to put in before one becomes a competent gardener, but many of our best men put in all that and some more before they get out on their own book, and they undoubtedly did a good deal of private study on subjects which are side issues so far as gardening itself is concerned, but which, nevertheless, are indispensable in the management of a country estate. The moral of all this is that there are too many "neg- lected opportunities" amongst tlie raw material from which the estate manager is recruited or should be recruited. After many of us have neglected our opportunities we become restless and dissatisfied and determine to start out for ourselves. A place turns up. and there are others like us who feel the same way, but there is the determination to have the job at even .$.50, so on goes the price-cutting until the poor fellow has succeeded in per- suading himself that he has at last made his mark and the em- ployer deluded into believing that he has engaged the services of a competent man at low water rates. The fact that such methods are resorted to needs only the evi- dence of the men who hold sucli low priced jobs and who, as Mr. Smith says, are only too well paid. These same men when they were assistants would have refused .a place which would have afl"orded them a wide and useful field of experience if the wages were not at least $!i per month more than they had in the pre- vious place. So again we have to admit that as assistants we prefer wages to knowledge and experience. In Europe it is quite the custom to sacrifice wages to get to a place that has a reputation; in fact, to the British jonrnev'man gardener, wages are a secondary consideration. Hence the success of the British gardener. In conclusion we want to say to Mr. Watson that we believe that the cause of low wages is incompetent gardeners, who have only themselves to blame for their incompetence. AVe believe, however, that there is some good old stuff among the boys yet, and, like many of our bosses, we only want a little encourage- ment and credit where it is due. to help us along, and we are prepared to listen, too — at least some of us. An AS.SISTANT. The above communications convey the right tone in them. They should be carefull}' read by the young men of the profession and the suggestions contained in them carefully pondered over. We know "A Young Member" and would like "An Assistant" to make himself known to us. We enjoy cultivating the acquaintance of young gardeners of the type which these writers e.xpress. — Editor. REASON OF CHEAP GARDENERS. From Horticulture. While Mr. Watson has been breaking a lance with the secre- tary of the N. A. 0. respecting the merits and demerits of the aims and objects of that organization, some of the younger A GARDENER'S GRIEVANCES. December 19, 1913. Mr. M. C. Ebel, Sec. N. A. G. Dear Sir: In your report at the annual convention at New York City, you invite suggestions from members for the benefit of the gardening profession. I should like to know, as one of the many in the profession who arc desirous of the same informa- tion, and who would register in the ranks of the N. A. G.: "What THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. 87 are the objects and benelits of tile National Association of Car- denersV" Every trade and professional society issues a copy of its constitutional by-laws to its mendiers; this is the only so- ciety that I know o"f that does not supply this want. I "find there are a large number of employees who are either ignorant, selfish or apathetic to the conditions and re(|uirements of a gardener. Some of these I have had to contend with, others are from personal nl)servation. and I have noticed that it is mostly the strangers who arrive in tlii^ country who are dumped into these so-called positions. An emjiloyer expects a conscien- tious service from the gardener and in return he gives an un- sanitary damp old shack; some are infested with vermin, some are situated in the environment of a large number of dogs, with the incessant howling at night and day, or accommodation in a pump house where the vibrating noise also creates another kind of rnusic. Others defer paying their wages for two or three months. Some require all kinds of |daiits and vegetables gi'own in one small greenliouse, another will tcdl ytm that you have a few men under you, but the employer invariably instructs them what to do, and "the employer being ignorant in the practical routine and metliods of working, induces antagonism between the em- ployer and the gardener. These are only a few causes and condi- tions prevalent in this country, where a large number of em- ployers merely 'monkey" with comjietent men. If, then, an association is formed for gardeners, it will have to be a protective society and assist in promoting their interest, dignity and the co-operation of its members, as well as educating the employers what a gardener should do and receive. Yours trulv. FREDERICK LISTON. Decembeu 2!), 1913. Mr. Martin C. Ebel, Secretary, N. A. G. I respectfully tliank >ou for your reply to my letter of the inth inst. and I should fully appreciate it if you publish it in the CliRONK LE, as it may be the means of iiroducing a ventilation on the conditions prevalent in this country amongst the profession of gardeners. I am glad to hear the association's object is to elevate the profession of gardening, but until I receive a copy of the rules and constitutional by-laws of the N. A. G., I shall have to reserve my opinion as to the merits or demerits likely to be accomplished through the efforts of the organization. In reference to your question, viz.: "Whether conditions are really much worse here than they are in the European countries? If so. why do so many young men of the gardening profession leave their home country' to seek opportunities here?" In the first place, I can only speak (Ui conditions prevalent in Great Britain. Now, sir, having tested both, T have no hesitation in saying that the working arrangements and conditions in that comitry are better than those prevailing here, although I admit this has only been brought about during recent years, thanks to the energetic eft'orts of tlie gardeners' association there, which not only jn-otects and jiromotes the interest of the pro- fession, but aKo extends a cordial co-o|ieration with employers, and Iiy a mutual luiderstanding persuades them to give reason- able working conditions ami .compensation for competent service. In the second place, "the reason so many do not return to their home country" is owing to the congested state of the employ- ment market, the number of acres of land which has ceased to be cultivated; consequently the law of siqqily and demand has afTccted the gardener as much as any oiu'. togctlu-r with political and plutocratic njiprcssion and ostracism, are the chief, amongst other causes, why young men do not return. If England received the same amount of sun as this country, it would be an ideal Garden of Eden. In this country of England over 1,000.000 acres of land have gone out of cultivation during the last 3.5 years This has caused a large influx of cheap farm haiuis to invade the ranks of gardeners. I am aware that wages here are more than double those of the home country, but the privileges are nil when you compare the two. and very often a wife's services have to be included in the w'ages here as a caretaker, cook, butter maker, look after (diickens and dogs, for the salary of .$.')0, accommodation and 2 quarts of "skim" milk. I am aware that the employer who "pays the piper can demand the tune"; just so, and the piper who plays the tune can demand his payment. A conscientious and considerate employer woidd not hesitate to meet that demand. .\n employer is expected to give proper and respectful orders before he can expect to receive proper service, combineil with the sani(> courtesy and conscientious worknian-^hip; an employer who is an overbearing boss and desires to show his rule because of his "greenbacks" is invariably not worth the consideration of a gardener. I am aware no associa- tion can dictate to employers on lielialf of gardeners, but it can and should use, throurh its members, persuasive measures to ameliorate and adjust their grievances by an amicable concert. You say. "A man that can afTord the luxury of a gardener, etc," I take issue with you that a gardener is a luxury — a gardener is as much a necessary as a doctor, lawyer, teacher or a farniei-, for he belongs to the productive class of workers and therefore is u producer. Why don't you form branch associations in every State so that gardeners would have a meeting place to discuss these vital questions and also be able to receive a delegate from headquarters occasionally? I think this would be a good way of co-o|)eration and more economical for the members, as they could rcacli the meeting in half a day, say, every two weeks. Another i)oint I would like to urge, viz., free advertising in the Chuo.mcle for a position when out of employment, and if addressed at the office the members to pay postage only. It would also be interesting to the members to have recorded in the Chbonrxe the details of the Executive meetings. In conclusion I shall appreciate the publication of both my letters in the Chronicle if you have space at your disposal. FREDERICK LISTON. The above correspondence is jiublished at this late date at the wish of the author, who feels that the chronicling of his views on gardening conditions in this country may aid to eliminate some of the unpleasant surroundings he has encountered. From my own observations I am afraid that his experience is an e.xcejitioiial one and not the rule. There is only one solution to the problem what one should do when he encounters such an ex-- perience. and, that is, to seek a better opportunity and seize it when it i)resents itself. There is no law that binds one to an unsatisfactory employer or position. I am not personally familiar with conditions that' govern gardeners abroad, but from what I have gathered among many gardeners, the relative conditions here and abroad being a subject of discussion which comes up frequentlv among them, it appears to me that the gardener in this coun'try has much the best of it, both respecting the salary paid to hini and his siirronndings. M. C. EBEL, Sec'y N, A. G. WHAT CAN YOU DO? This old world hasn't tinre to stop That it may learn your name ; It doesn't care a rap about Your blue blood or your farne ; The only thino this old world cares .■\bout concerning you Is simply this one thing, to wit : "Well, Sir, what can you do?" So don't waste time in hunting up A useless pedi.gree : And don't bewail the fact that you Are not an LL.D. But when the old world stops to ask : "Well, Sir, what can you do?" Just roll your sleeves up elbow high And say, "Well, I'll .show you!" — Columbus (Ohio) State Jounial. "While you're standing looking over the fence to see how your neighbor's morals are stunted in growth, you had better be getting a hoe and chopping some of the weeds out of vour own." APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP National Association of Gardeners I hereby apply for Membership in your Association : — N^me in fall Occupation Address — Date Reference ForTuard Appliation to M. C, EBEL. Secretary, Madison, N. J., oard ; response. President H. S. Rich- ards. 02 THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE OF AMERICA. QUERIES and ANSWERS ll'c believe the greatest good can be accomplished for the greatest number, by instituting a query column; or an exchange of expe- riences, on practical propositions, by our readers. You are invited to contribute questions, and answer others. Bach question as received will be given a number, the question- er's name will not be published, but the source of the answer will be giz'en unless otherwise requested. IVe all have something we would like to know more about. Here is your opportunity to ascertain somebody's experience in just that matter. Nothing will tend to better fellowship than helping each other. Take advantage of this "Question Box." I would like to ask some of your readers which varie- ties of trained peach trees are the best to grow on walls outside; also can nectarines be grown that way and finished good? Are the English varieties of peaches and nectarines, the same as we force in the greenhouse, all right for that purpose? — H. Regarding- the question asked in your June number about peaches and nectarines for outside growing, we have the following varieties, growing outside, trained on a wall — Thomas Rivers, Diamond, Dr. Hogg, Royal George, Crimson Galande, Hales Early and Crawford's Early. They have fruited splendidly every year until the present, but last winter being so cold, all the fruit buds were killed, not only on these trees but on all the peach trees around this part of the country. We put a burlap curtain hung on wires in front of them in tlie early spring, more as a protection against late frosts, when they are in bloom, than any winter pro- tection. We slide these curtains along- during the day and tie then-i between every second tree. We were told when we planted them we would never get a peach on account of the hot weather in the summer, but we have not had any trouble that way so far, and they make splendid growth during the summer. Regarding the nectarines : we have a tree of Rivers oranges, growing- well on a wall. C. G.\ttrell, Xewburyport, Mass. I have some Costess blue spruce, about ten feet high. From midway up they do not spread out in what some people would call in proportion. What is the best way to develop them — pinching in the tops of all side branches, or cutting out, say eighteen inches of the leads? — J. J. O. Mass. Keplying to question about regaming symmetry in Blue Spruce. In July pinch back about half way, the lateral leaders of the current year's growth, from the lower half of the tree, leaving- those of the upper half practically untouched. Continue this for a season or two until the tree regains its symn-ietry. Then the upper half can be pinched back or sun-imer pruned, as this process is often called, to encourage thickening. It will take two or three years to accomplish what is desired. As a rule it is not wise to prune back the central leaders unless it is very vigorous, when it can be pinched back to encourage lateral shoots to burst out. Give the trees a good mulcl-iing of well decayed manure. Following transplanting, there is occasionallv a lack of symmetry, but in tin-ie, under good care, tliis will be regained. — J. F. J. The Service Bureau National Association of Gardeners Is maintained for the purpose of providing opportunities for efficient and ambitious men engaged in the profession of gardening. This department of the Association is at the disposal of those who may require the services of capable superintendents, gardeners or assistant gardeners. Address M. C. EBEL, Sec'y, National Association of Gardeners, Madison, N. J. Tree Owners cind Tree Lovers Will find mHich to interest and instruct in the NEW ILLUSTRATED MAGAZINE "TREE TALK" Devoted to Ari'oriculture and Forestry. All about the planting, care and treatment of trees and shrubs. Accurate information about pruning, spraying aJid tree surgery. Send Fifty cents for a full year's subscription to "Tree Talk." Sample copies free on receipt of 2 cent stamp to cover postage. 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